The Oxford Comma Explained

The Oxford Comma Explained Theres not a subject progressively troublesome to grammarians, authors, and editors than the utilization of the Oxford (or sequential) comma. The Oxford comma is the last comma utilized in a rundown of at least three things and is expressive in its use, which basically implies that you use it relying upon what sort of composing youre doing. Defenders of the Oxford comma state that this last comma gives lucidity and helps the peruser. In any case, those enemy of Oxford comma scholars out there state that this last comma jumbles up the page and that the utilization of it might even add to more confusion.So, how would you know whether you should utilize it in your composition? For what reason would it be a good idea for you to utilize it (or for what reason would it be advisable for you to not)? Here is a manual for everything Oxford comma to assist you with figuring out which side of the contention you fall on.What is the Oxford comma?The Oxford Dictionarys site characterizes the Oxfor d comma as, a discretionary comma before the word and toward the finish of a list†¦ its known as the Oxford comma since it was customarily utilized by printers, perusers, and editors at Oxford University Press. Not all essayists and distributers use it, yet it can explain the significance of a sentence when the things in a rundown are not single words.The history of the Oxford comma is somewhat dinky, however as indicated by an article on Business Insider, the primary individual to record this ground-breaking little accentuation mark as rule was a man named Frederick Howard Collins who was a British indexer and author. He included editorial on the sequential comma in his 1912 book distributed by Oxford University Press entitled, Authors Printers Dictionary: A Guide for Authors.In his thinking for utilizing the sequential comma, Collins wrote:The late Herbert Spencer [the Victorian logician and scientist] permitted me to cite from his letter:- regardless of whether to compose da rk, white, and green, with the comma after white, or to forget about the comma and compose dark, white and green-I decidedly rule for the first. To me the comma is of incentive as stamping out the segment components of an idea, and where any arrangement of segments of an idea are of equivalent worth, they ought to be punctuated in printing and in discourse similarly. Clearly hence for this situation, while specifying these hues dark, white, and green, the white is the same amount of to be underscored as the other two, it needs the delay after it the same amount of as the dark does.Frederick Howard CollinsSo basically what Collins was stating (through Spencer) is that since something is toward the end in a rundown doesnt imply that it shouldnt get a similar respite and treatment as the initial at least two things in a rundown. For the only remaining century, Oxford University Press and different organizations of style and language structure have demanded the utilization of this last comma.When would it be a good idea for you to utilize the Oxford comma?Now that we know a tad about the historical backdrop of the Oxford comma and that its used to explain sentences with at least two things in a rundown, how would we realize when to utilize it in our composition? Since it is expressive in its use implying that its simply the favored style of the manner in which a sentence looks and not a standard fundamentally you arent continually going to utilize the sequential comma.Here is a rundown of probably the most widely recognized style guides you will utilize while composing, and whether they utilize the Oxford comma:Associated Press Style (AP) doesn't utilize the Oxford comma.American Psychological Association Style (APA) uses the Oxford comma.Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) uses the Oxford comma.The Modern Languages Association (MLA) uses the Oxford comma.The Oxford University Press (OUP) uses the Oxford comma.You may have seen that the main normal style manage we have recorded here that doesn't utilize the Oxford comma is the Associated Press (or AP) style direct. This guide is the stylebook for columnists, advertising, and promoting experts. There are a few reasons why AP doesn't utilize the Oxford comma, however its for the most part not utilized as an approach to utilize space effectively inside their paragraphs.So since we know when we should utilize it, lets take a gander at certain guides to give us how its done. Here are a few sentences that could be explained utilizing the Oxford comma:Example 1I love my folks, Russell Westbrook and Ariana Grande.Why this ought to be corrected:Though it would positively be cool to have Russell Westbrook and Ariana Grande as guardians, its far-fetched this is the thing that the author of this sentence proposed. Its extremely simple to choose that this sentence is off base since we know without a doubt that Ariana Grande and Russell Westbrook dont have a kid together, however in different sentences it proba bly won't be so natural. Placing the last comma in will explain that the creator really implied that they preferred those individuals separately.Example 2Jamie sat on the plane close to Will Ferrell, the acclaimed comic, previous SNL star and an enormous German shepherd.Why this ought to be corrected:Clearly Will Ferrell isnt a renowned comic and furthermore a huge German shepherd simultaneously. This sentence could without much of a stretch be explained with a sequential comma, which would isolate the words and let us realize that Will Ferrell is to be sure a human and not a canine. Adversaries of the Oxford comma would probably say that the sentence doesnt need to include a comma yet rather should be modified to demonstrate that Jamie is sitting close to both Will Ferrell and a dog.Example 3I will appreciate oat, eggs and espresso at the beginning of today for breakfast.Why this ought to be corrected:This breakfast is beginning to sound mouth-watering until you get to the word and . Is the creator placing eggs in her espresso? Is it true that she is pouring espresso over her eggs? In either case, we need to decay the challenge to early lunch at her home. All joking aside, including that one little comma toward the end explains that the author proposed to state she is having espresso nearby of her eggs and not on them.Arguments against utilizing the Oxford commaFor each enthusiast to the Oxford comma, there is someone else who is resolutely against its use. Why wouldnt somebody need to utilize this instrument of language in the event that it makes things more clear? An enemy of Oxford comma individual would contend that it could now and then lead to greater uncertainty in a sentence.Another hostile to Oxford comma contention is that commas can litter up a page. Numerous authors and editors need the most significant things to radiate through in the content: the words. They contend that spilling commas and runs and other accentuation checks all through the conte nt can divert the peruser based on what is generally significant and bring down the fundamental idea.Lastly, against Oxford comma arguers state that most vagueness in sentences with records can be fixed by just revising them. They contend that the sentences should be rebuilt rather than just including some accentuation and afterward asserting that its no longer ambiguous.So since we know a few contentions on why we might not have any desire to utilize it, here are a few guides to give us what that may resemble. Heres how to fix sentences without the Oxford comma:Example 1I love my folks, Russell Westbrook and Ariana Grande.How this could be revised without the Oxford comma:I love my folks, yet I additionally love Russell Westbrook and Ariana Grande.Instead of including the last comma, we have included words that can explicitly reveal to us that Russell Westbrook and Ariana Grande are not the creators guardians. We could even make it a stride further and inquiry the creator to inquir e as to why these two considerations would be associated in any case. We could likewise inquire as to whether they could practically be isolated on the grounds that they appear to be two totally extraordinary thoughts.Example 2Jamie sat on the plane close to Will Ferrell, the popular entertainer, previous SNL star and an enormous German shepherd.How this could be remedied without the Oxford comma:Jamie sat on the plane close to Will Ferrell, the celebrated comic and previous SNL star, just as a huge German shepherd.We have rectified the uncertainty of whether Will Ferrell was a canine humorist (or a comic who had potentially transformed into a pooch) by including a couple of words. Presently we realize that the creator was sitting close to Will Ferrell and a huge German shepherd on the plane. We could likewise make this one stride further by approaching the creator for more detail here. Was this Will Ferrells hound or did the creator simply get extremely fortunate to sit by both on her plane ride? Was the pooch just permitted to sit without being on a rope? On the off chance that we essentially fixed it with a comma, at that point we despite everything probably won't have all the data that we need.Example 3I will appreciate oat, eggs and espresso at the beginning of today for breakfast.How this could be revised without the Oxford comma:For breakfast toward the beginning of today, I will appreciate grain and eggs while drinking coffee.In this sentence we totally revamped the request for the statements so it was less questionable what the creator was doing. Theres no inquiry now in the event that she is placing eggs in her espresso or pouring espresso in her eggs since we know since she is drinking espresso while having those morning meal items.Do I need to utilize the Oxford comma if Im not utilizing a style guide?If you are not utilizing a style direct and are composing something for individual utilization, at that point its not important to utilize the Oxford comma. The primary concern about accentuation is that regardless of how you use it, simply be predictable. For instance, in the event that you are composing something that doesn't need to hold fast to a style control, you can decide to illuminate numerals more than 10 in the event that it bodes well for the crowd however simply be steady with your standards. The motivation behind why we have style guides is to keep up a feeling of consistency all through records with the goal that its simpler for the crowd to peruse. On the off chance that you are composing something other than an exploration paper or a bit of news, at that point simply make certain to apply great composing style reliably and inquire as to whether you are addressing something.Pay regard for your style guideThough you may have your genuine beliefs about the Oxford comma, its imperative to put those aside when you are working with a particular style direct that directs whether

Sports Biomechanics and Functional Anatomy

Sports Biomechanics and Functional Anatomy Presentation: Biomechanics is the game science field that applies the laws of mechanics and material science to human execution, so as to increase a more noteworthy comprehension of execution in athletic occasions through displaying, reenactment and estimation (Wood, 2009). As indicated by Mcginnis, (2004), Biomechanics is valuable to sports and can distinguish what powers may have caused a physical issue, how to keep the injury from repeating and what activities may help for injury recovery. It very well may be utilized for shifts in procedure, hardware or preparing to forestall or restore injury. The general job of Biomechanics is to comprehend the mechanical reason impact connections that decide the movements of living beings. According to brandish, Biomechanics adds to the portrayal, clarification, and forecast of the mechanical parts of human exercise, game and play. Sports biomechanics offers strategies by which the extremely quick activities which happen in game can be recorded and examined in detail. A significant use of sports biomechanics with any game is the definition and comprehension of aptitudes. This can help in the training procedure and thus upgrade the learning and execution of those abilities (Reilly and Williams, 2003). When taking a gander at golf it is obvious to see a ton of expertise is included during the swing. Hung and Jani, (2004) expressed that the golf swing is one of the most mind boggling biomechanical movements a human can make in sport. The point of the golf player must be to make a steady strike of the ball to push it in the ideal bearing for a given separation. Besides the hip assumes a significant job in the golf swing. The Hip joint: The hip joint is one of the biggest and most stable joints in the body. It is a ball and attachment joint that comprises of the leader of the femur interfacing with the hip bone socket of the pelvic support. The pelvic support, including the hip joint assumes a significant job in the supporting the heaviness of the body while offering versatility by expanding the scope of movement in the lower furthest point. The hip bone socket is the sunken surface of the ball and attachment joint, confronting anteriorly, along the side and poorly. Moreover the circular leader of the femur fits cozily into the acetabular cavity, giving the joint both congruency and an enormous surface. Both the femoral head and the hip bone socket have a lot of supple trabecular bone that encourages the dissemination of the powers consumed by the hip joint (Floyd and Thompson, 2001; Nordin and Frankel 2001; Uys, 2004). Tendons of the hip: As indicated by Callaghan et al, (2006) a few in number tendons fortify the container of the hip joint. These incorporate the iliofermoral tendon, the pubofemoral tendon and the ischiofemoral tendon. The iliofemoral tendon is the most grounded tendon in the body and assists with forestalling augmentation of the femur when the body is standing erect. It is a Y-formed band of extremely solid filaments that interfaces the lower front iliac spine of the coxal unresolved issue hard line (intertrochanteric line) stretching out between the more prominent and lesser trochanters of the femur. Anyway the pubofemoral tendon reaches out between the upper part of the pubis and the iliofemoral tendon. Its filaments likewise mix with the strands of the joint container of the hip joint. The ischiofemoral tendon is comprised of a band of solid filaments that start on the ischium simply behind the hip bone socket. These filaments mix with the strands of the joint container of the hip. (Pickering, 2009 ) Muscles of the Hip: The muscles of the hip joint are those muscles that cause development in the hip. Most present day anatomists characterize 17 of these muscles, albeit some extra muscles may now and again be thought of (Mind Body Motion, 2007). These are frequently isolated into a few gatherings. These muscles control the developments of the hips. As per Ãâ€"zkaya et al, (1999) the psoas, iliacus, rectus femoris, pectineus and tensor belt latae are the essential hip flexors. These are likewise used to do exercises, for example, running, strolling and kicking. The gluteus maximus and the hamstring muscles are hip extensors. The gluteus medius and gluteus minimus are hip abductor muscles accommodating the internal turn of the femur. The gluteus medius is likewise the essential muscle bunch balancing out the pelvis in the frontal plane. The adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magus and gracilis muscles are the hip adductors and furthermore accommodate the outward pivot of the femur. Development of the hips: The hip joint takes into consideration the best scope of development as it has the ability to move in three planes, around three tomahawks. It additionally has a lot of versatility, which permits ordinary headway in the presentation of day by day exercises. Kolt and Mackler, (2003), express that the hip joint has three degrees of opportunity of movement which incorporate flexion-augmentation in the sagittal plane, kidnapping adduction in the frontal plane (figure 3.2) and outside inner revolution in the transverse plane. Golf The cutting edge golf swing has developed with this utilization of innovation, both in gear and examination; just as the physical preparing the golf players presently experience. The golf swing is an exceptionally perplexing body movement, including an enormous scope of development of the upper appendages that go about as a connection between the golf club and the body, with the lower appendages going about as the fundamental development advancing regions. Impediments in the body regarding adaptability, solid quality, continuance, or force can make blames in the swing from a biomechanical point of view. Therefore, the greater part of the fruitful golf players on the planet today, are generally fit, adaptable and solid contrasted with in the more established age of golf players. Improved innovation in exercise centers has allowed golf players the chance to fortify explicit and key muscles utilized in the swing. Hip turn is imperative to the viability of the golf swing. As indicated by Hill, (2007), it holds the way in to an amazing swing. To build force and ball-striking capacity the hips need to pivot appropriately during the swing. As per Atherton,(2009), most beginner golf players turn their hips excessively far during the backswing, which makes it hard for them to get their hips to open up to the objective at sway, a key segment of an effective swing. Be that as it may, the expanded danger of hip injury is a moderately ongoing risk for golf players, emerging from the more noteworthy pivot supported by the advanced golf swing. This adjustment of this procedure itself decreased the rate of low-back injury among golf players. The downswing starts with a progress ahead of the hips that, with great golf players, really starts roughly 0.1 seconds before the club head arrives at the constraint of the back swing. This pushing ahead of the hips turns the entire chest area and moves the two switches through the initial segment of the downswing (Hay, 1993). The powers liable for this progress ahead of the hips and the lesser powers applied by a similar hip and leg muscles later in the downswing have been evaluated to represent 2.5 hp of the all out 3-4 hp created in a decent drive. In this way it can promptly be seen that the muscles of the hips and legs establish the principle source. A progression of EMG contemplates have depicted the job of the hip muscles during the golf swing (Thain and Alistair, 2002). An investigation by Tsai et al, (2004), demonstrated that hip snatching quality was altogether higher in better golf players. Furthermore it expressed all the hip developments would in general be more grounded in the best golf players who had the most minimal impediment and longest driving separations. In one examination performed by the University of Umea in which the muscle exercises in 13 male experts while playing out a golf swing were investigated utilizing dynamic surface electromyography (EMG) and the muscle exercises were estimated in percent of most extreme manual muscle testing (MMT) of each muscle. During the forward swing, gluteus maximus, communicated the most elevated muscle action during a total golf swing (84%). This demonstrates particularly the trailing side, gluteus maximus, is a significant hip stabilizer as the golf player moves the weight to the objective side and the golf club starts to quicken (Grinell, 1999). In golf the hip is particularly presented to high-speed interior turn on the downswing, requiring a lot of flighty gluteus muscle control. Set-up, ball positon, arrangement and stance are basic for a decent swing. Anyway agreeing Shamus, ( 2001), the most well-known trait of an ill-advised arrangement position is neglecting to utilize a hip-pivot movement to acquire the essential spine point. Besides advanced innovation has made it simpler for golf players and mentors to dissect the golf swing and right errors made by the golf player. Innovation propels: (ASTAR and Powerstool) The Astar computerized video innovation is the most recent, profoundly complex programming that assesses and examinations recorded golf swings. This implies golf educators can actually catch and represent each part of an understudies swing to decide and cure any difficult territories. It naturally makes a video record of the whole want movement (for a golf swing from address to finish). Astar incorporates all fundamental usefulness to break down specialized execution, thus improve the golf swing by this technique for examination. By utilizing the most recent A Star proficient programming, golf swings can be broke down from a wide range of points and an arrangement can be set up for the improvement of any golf swing (ASTAR, 2006). The powerstool is another case of cutting edge innovation used to improve the golf swing. It imitates the ideal golf swing as close as conceivable empowering the golf player to get inot the most efficent position (Strachan, 2009).The powerstool ensures the golf player accomplishes the perfect measure of hip turn and shoulder turn. This assists with lessening pressure and strain that is normal with over turning. Innovation in footwear and insoles has additionally evolved during the time making golf shoes progressively agreeable

Who vs. Whom Which Do I Use

Who vs. Whom Which Do I Use (2) Most people know there is a difference between who and whom, but few remember what it is. In truth, you could go your entire life and only use whom a handful of times, but when those rare grammatical moments strike, if you want to be prepared, we are here to help. ( is also here to help you create citations in MLA format and APA format.) So what is the difference? Who=Subject Who is used when referring to the subject. In other words, who is used for the person doing something in a sentence. For example: Laura bought a gift for Frank. In this sentence, Laura is the subject. Whom=Object Whom is used to refer to the object of an action. More simply put, the object in a sentence has something done to it. For example: Laura bought a gift for Frank. In this sentence, Frank is the object. You may have noticed that there are two objects in this sentence Frank and gift, but remember who and whom are only used when discussing people. How to Ask Who and Whom Questions Once you identify the subject and object of a sentence, creating questions using who and whom is easy. Subject Question Q: Who bought the gift? A: Laura Object Question Q: For whom was the gift bought? A: Frank A Trick Though the process above is simple, it takes some time. To speed things up, the trick is to answer your own question with a full sentence. If the answer is “she” or “he,” use who. If it is “her” or “him” use whom. For example: She bought the gift. (Correct) Her bought the gift. (Incorrect) So the question must be: Who bought the the gift? The gift was bought for him. (Correct) The gift was bought for he. (Incorrect) So the question must be: For whom was the gift bought? Tip: The key to remembering this is that him and whom both end in M. To Whom or Not to Whom In an attempt to sound more educated some people misuse whom. It is often, incorrectly assumed that whom is a more formal version of who, which results in errors like: Alison is a woman whom I believe deserves great respect. (Incorrect) Whom may I say is calling? (Incorrect) The use of whom does add a formal flourish, but using it incorrectly has the opposite effect. A Classic Case of Whom “To Whom it May Concern” is probably the most recognizable use of whom. Before digital communication, it was the go-to introduction for open ended letters like a parent sending an early dismissal letter to school. These days it is recommended to do your research and address your email to a specific person. In rare cases like letters of complaint to a company and open letters of recommendation “To Whom it may Concern” followed by a colon is still appropriate. Whom will probably be completely eclipsed by who in the future, but until then, we hope this guide leaves you feeling confident to use each with whomever you like. Try for your citation needs. Our guides and EasyBib Plus can help you create citations in many styles, show you how to do an in text citation, and easily create a bibliography in works cited format.

Democracy And Liberal Democracy - 827 Words

Democracy is a political system in which the power belongs to the people by which majority rules. The source indicates that freedom of choice is an essential component to a liberal democracy as it gives the power to the people by having multiple political ideologies to choose from and elect as their government. When there is competition between multiple parties, each party has a critical opposition that can hold each party accountable and restrict their power within government. This gives the power to the people because it allows people to choose from multiple political ideologies. Without competition, a party can form an oligarchy; by which one group rules over a country. Without a critical opposition, no one can criticize the partys†¦show more content†¦During post war Germany, Adolf Hitler had full control over the country’s political and economic systems. During this time, in 1933, the Enabling Act was introduced essentially giving all the power to Adolf Hitler to enact any laws without consulting the people. This act was the first step of abusing civil liberties in a democracy and essentially forming a oligarchy. Furthermore, in the Soviet Union, the Communist party led by Joseph Stalin controlled the government and all its actions. The Communist ideology revolves around collectivist beliefs in which the collective supersedes the individual It also promotes a central government led by a single leader. In the USSR, Stalin ran the government to his accord and that resulted in civil liberty abuses. Stalin held false elections that did not provide a choice to the citizens. Furthermore, he had got rid of anyone who questioned him further restricting the freedom of accountability. Competition between parties allows different ideologies to hold each other accountable during times of crisis or prosperity. This is evident in the United States parliament. In the United States parliament, the ideas of Montesquieu are implanted. Montesquieu suggested that government be separated into three different branches, that way one individual or party cannot take full power or control over the government. In the United States there are three branches, the legislative,Show MoreRelatedDemocracy And The Liberal Democracy1017 Words   |  5 PagesDemocracy varies in every country depending on the type of government or regime they have. There is the liberal democracy, which is all about giving people their rights and liberties; everything is done through fair voting and electing. The people are aware of everything that happens in their government. Illiberal democracies are basically the same as liberal, but the people in power are more secretive of their activities, and there is less civil liberty. It is essentially a partial democracy. NowRead MoreLiberal Democracies Vs. Liberal Democracy Essay1142 Words   |  5 PagesLiberal democracies, are defined as the system in which governmental body operate under the principle of individual rights and work to protect them regardless of religion, sect, ethnicity etc. Liberal democracies are thought to be secular in nature and generally do not account for religions or ethnicities rather they promote a certain nationalistic perspective throughout the state. Laws are made through majority vote in the parliament and are meant to be logical in nature rather than derived fromRead MoreThe Rise of a Liberal Democracy 1501 Words   |  7 PagesIn the article Fareed wrote he defines democracy as simply a government with free and fair elections. It is in essence rule of the majority, so if the majority is filled with ill intent then that is the direction of the government. Basically an unfiltered voice for the masses; and i t is not suitable by itself. Liberal Democracy is described as what people think of today when they here of Democracy; it is a government with a system of values/rights built in to protect the people from themselves. ItRead MoreEssay about Liberal Democracy1177 Words   |  5 Pages Liberal democracy Introduction To begin with Francis Fukuyamas, provocative thesis, that after the fall of communism in Europe and the withering of the grand ideological contests, history too has ended. In his end of history theory, he maintained that the western liberal democracy had become the `final form of human government. The fact is that though not all theorists have this kind of a faith in liberal democracy, and believe that its not the only feasible form of democracy, theyRead MoreMedias Role in Liberal Democracies1119 Words   |  5 PagesThe basic elements in a liberal democracy are regular elections, a parliament exercising control over government within law and individuals freedoms such as free debate, freedom of association and the right to protest (Carter Stokes, 2002). Regular elections should include competitiveness among parties to keep elections fair and voters should be aware of their interests. Additionally, as Carter and Stokes (2002) state that there should be â€Å"a parliament that can exercise control over the governmentRead MoreNations With A System Of Liberal Democracy1734 Words   |  7 PagesNations with a system of liberal democracy have a hope to achieve a structure of government that benefits all citizens equally (Callan, p. 1, 2004). However, countries that claim to be liberal representative democracies (such as the United States, New Zealand, and the Britain) have failed to be representative of all the citizens. Due to historical occurrences, traditional gender roles, and lack of activism from the elite (white men in positions of power), women have been denied their natural humanRead MoreThe Future of History: Can Liberal Democracy Survive the Decline of the Middle Class536 Words   |  2 Pagesâ€Å"The Future of History: Ca n Liberal Democracy Survive the Decline of the Middle Class?† Francis Fukuyama It would take a great deal of confidence, in these uncertain and changing times, to publish an article called The Future of History. Yet, this is precisely what Francis Fukuyama has done in this article. It is a bold title since it not only places this article in the ideological path of his most famous work, â€Å"The End of History and the Last Man,† but it also suggests a fundamental departureRead MoreThe Media And Liberal Democracy2741 Words   |  11 PagesThe Media and Liberal Democracy Name: Areez Somani Professor:   Dr.  David Hoogenboom Student Number: 250644546 Due Date: July 19, 2015 Our society is based upon a set of key main ingredients that have led us to today’s era of information technology. This vast array of technological advancements concerning the internet, television, mobile devices and even newspapers all share one unique characteristic, they are controlled and manipulated by the media (Diamond, 2010, pg 5)Read MoreEssay on Liberal Democracy1087 Words   |  5 PagesLiberal Democracy Liberal democracy, with a capitalist economy, is the only form of social organization that will work in this world. Socialism and Communism appear to be sound in theory, but would never come close to achieving what capitalism does. Liberal democracy and capitalism allow for a beneficial competition where communism does not. This competition, in the liberal tradition, on both political and economical levels, allows for the best balance of security and freedom to the peopleRead MoreLiberal Democracy Vs. Totalitarianism1198 Words   |  5 PagesLiberal Democracy versus Totalitarianism â€Å"Who controls the past, controls the future; who controls the present, controls the past† is the slogan of the Party in Orwell’s â€Å"Nineteen Eighty-Four† (1949). In other words, in a totalitarian society, the government controls the past and the future by controlling the present; force the society and disrespect the individual rights are the main power of the government. There were some examples of the totalitarian societies. However, there was more examples

Quocirca Insight Report Operations Management in UK...

QUOCIRCA INSIGHT REPORT November 2007 Contacts: Sharon Crawford Quocirca Ltd Tel +44 7989 243830 sharon/crawford@quocirca.com Operations Management in UK Financial Services How effectively is technology being applied to help to monitor and improve operations performance? The extremely competitive nature of the financial services industry today and the changing landscape of customer expectations and their approach to investing in financial products, puts an onus on suppliers to consider how well they are dealing with new and existing customers’ business transactions. Much is written about the frontline call centre operations, but this report focuses on the back office activities, the operational area where complex applications†¦show more content†¦There is potential to improve further by using systems that allow real-time visibility of the progress of dealing with customers’ business. An independent study by Quocirca Ltd. www.quocirca.com Operations Management in Financial Services Page 2 Introduction Performance Management in the financial services industry is vital and well supported by the suites of Corporate Performance Management software that enable these companies to budget, plan and report in an accurate and timely fashion. Underpinning successful performance management is the need for predictable and controllable day to day operations management, both front and back office. Much has been written in the media about the use of tools to achieve this in call centres in businesses today. This report is based on research was carried out to investigate the extent to which software applications are used to monitor and measure the effectiveness of handling customer business – focusing on the back office operations and specifically addressing organisations in the UK. attempting to include some measurements of the costs of rework, (figure 2). Figure - 2 Do organisations attempt to quantify and measure business value of operational measures? 0% Reduced Costs Number of complaints Customer Response times Staff utilisation Staff satisfaction Re-work Detailed quantifiable measures

Erik Erikson Free Essays

The aim of this essay is to select a major theorist and discuss their contribution to the cognitive and social development in childhood. Erik Erikson was one of the most distinguished theorists of the 20th century. He discovered and developed psychosocial theory. We will write a custom essay sample on Erik Erikson or any similar topic only for you Order Now He was also one of the first theorists to cover the entire lifespan of an individual. Erikson’s proposed eight psychosocial stages which he named â€Å"The Eight Ages of Man†, which range from birth to 65 years and onwards (O’Brien, 2008). Throughout this essay I will discuss stages one to four which occur during childhood 0-12 years old. Erik Erikson was born on June 15th 1902, in Frankfurt Germany. When Erikson finished school he left home and moved to Florence to pursue his interest in art and enrolled in Baden State Art School. A year later, he moved to Vienna where he became an art teacher in a psychoanalytic school for children run by Dorothy Burlingham and Anna Freud who was the daughter of Sigmund Freud. While in Vienna, he also took classes in the University of Vienna which led him to receive a certificate in the Montessori Method (Puckett and Diffily, 2004). This move changed his life and career. When Erikson met Anna Freud he became interested in psychology which led him to study psychoanalysis. He was influenced by the work of Freud and this turned his career towards the study of children and their development (Salkind, 2004). Erikson extended Freud’s theory by combining his primary assumptions and expanding on them, considering other factors that could influence development. Erikson’s theory highlights that an individual’s personality develops in stages from social and cultural experiences across the lifespan. Freud’s theory of personality development concentrates on sexual and aggressive impulses through different psychosexual stages (Keenan and Evans, 2009). Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development helps us understand children’s feelings and how their emotional and social lives affect their learning (Pound, 2011). Erikson’s theory describes that an individual’s personality develops at each of the eight psychosocial stages of life. Erikson suggested that at each stage there is a different sort of conflict or crises that arises between the individual and relationships with others. He believed that each crisis must be resolved successfully for the individual to be prepared for the next life crisis. A negative or positive outcome of how the crisis is resolved leads to the change and development of the individual (Shaffer, 2009). Erikson’s first psychosocial stage of life is called Trust versus Mistrust. This stage takes place from birth to one year. The basic idea of the first stage is for the infant to develop trust. This occurs when the child’s needs for warmth, food, sleep and nurturing are consistently met. The infant is completely dependent on the caregiver and relies on them to meet their needs. By providing the child with consistent care, the caregiver helps them to develop self-trust and the ability to trust others and their environment (Essa, 2010). In a case were the child’s needs are not adequately met, a sense of mistrust in themselves and others around them is developed. They then move through future stages with this sense of mistrust, seeing the world as threating place filled with unreliable or untrustworthy people. When working with children Erikson’s theory is still used in practice nowadays. Teachers working with infants take particular care to provide a predictable environment and consistent caregiving. Babies are completely dependent on adults to meet their needs. Therefore, it is very important that they are nurtured by admirable, positive adults who are affectionate and sensitive in response to the babies needs as soon as they occur. The infant can then start to develop a sense of trust in the world that will support their growth into the next stage (Gordon and Browne, 2010). The second stage of life is known as Autonomy versus Doubt. This occurs from two to three years of age. According to Erikson during the second year of life toddlers begin to assert both their motor and cognitive abilities by trying to become more independent. Although they are still very dependent, they must learn to reach a balance between reliance on their caregiver and their desire to explore new things. One possible conflict revolves around toilet training. Successful growth through this stage gives the child a feeling of self-control and accomplishment of their own abilities (Essa, 2011). Erikson portrays a view that if children are made feel ashamed of their efforts they can develop a sense of self-doubt and insecurity. Children need to be able to express their growing independence within the safety of a loving, supportive environment. The search for autonomy not only requires great efforts from the child but also patience and support from their parents (Pressley and McCormick, 2007). For example, by encouraging children to explore and try new tasks parents hope to further their sense of independence. When children complete a task independently and successfully their sense of autonomy grows. Some children fail to develop a sense of autonomy. This may be because they failed at most tasks they attempted or discouragement from parents and developed a sense of shame and self-doubt instead (Newman and Newman, 2006). In early childhood education programmes children are praised for their achievements such as toilet training. A relaxed attitude from teachers and praise for their students helps the child gain a sense of independence without shame. Providing encouragement for both the child’s success and failure of a task gives balance between the child’s natural doubts and their drive for independence. The third stage of Erikson’s theory is Initiative versus guilt. This stage takes place from three to six years. During this stage children observe their parents and want to attempt many tasks that they watch them perform. Their sense of autonomy which developed from the last stage gives them the independence to attempt activities that are beyond their competency. If the parents give the child support and guidance in their new activities, this will result in feelings of achievement and pride in their own initiative. If the child is made feel that they are wrong for trying out new activities and are punished when the child tries to show initiative, they will be left with feelings of guilt (Berns, 2009). At this stage children have a great imagination and are very curious about their surroundings. In schools, children are encouraged to play with a variety of different toys to promote creative play and are exposed to different experiences such as school trips to learn more about the world. They are encouraged to ask the teacher questions, use their imagination and are given freedom to play and choose their activities. This promotes their feeling of initiative (Pillitteri, 2010). Erikson believed that the crucial point in this stage is the activity of children playing together. Playing allows the child to explore their communication abilities through such behaviour as deciding what to play. By using their initiative, children learn that they can make decisions, present a course of action and implement plans. As a result of this, children learn the basic skills of problems solving while working with other. These basic skills are an essential foundation for coping effectively in society (Carducci, 2009). The final stage of Erikson’s theory involved in childhood is called Industry versus Inferiority. During this stage the child has developed from their curiosity to try different things to their need to master certain activities (Ray, 2011). Such activities may include learning to read, write or playing a sport. As they start to master certain activities, children develop a sense of industry and begin to use their skills in a more personal way. For example, reading a book of their interest. While learning these skills in the company of their peers, some children may discover that their standard of skill is lower than others in their peer group. This awareness can cause the child to develop a sense of inferiority, and can lead them to lose interest in certain activities (Carducci, 2009). This feeling of failure and inferiority can result in the child giving up on certain activities because they believe they do not have the skill or ability required. Children continuously receive praise and attention for their efforts during school and social activities to encourage a sense of Industry (O’ Brien, 2011). Erikson’s theory contains 4 stages which are involved in the area of childhood. These four stages include trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. doubt, initiative vs. guilt and industry vs. inferiority. These range from birth to age twelve. Erikson has helped to contribute to our understanding of child development through these eight psychosocial stages. He describes the important issues for young children and the support we need to provide to help them gain a healthy development. Erikson’s stages have provided a framework for teachers working with young children. By using Erikson’s theory this helps the teacher promote healthy development in there students and is still used now in the modern classroom. Reference List Berns, R. (2009). Child, Family, School and Community: Socialization and support. th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth Carducci, D. (2011). The Psychology of Personality. 2nd ed. , Malden: Brooks/Cole Publishing Essa, E. (2011). Introduction to early childhood education. 6th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth Gordon, A. and Browne, K. (2010). Beginnings and Beyond: Foundations in Early Childhood Education. 8th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth. Keenan, T. and Evans, S. (2009). An introduction to Child Development. 2nd e d. , London: Sage Publications New, R. and Cochran, M. , eds. (2008). Early Childhood Education: An international encyclopaedia. Vol. , Westport: Praeger Newman, B and Newman, P (2006). Development Through Life: A Psychosocial Approach. 8th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth. O’ Brien, E (2008). Human growth and development: An Irish Perspective. Dublin: Gill Macmillian O’Brien, E. (2011). Psychology for Social Care: An Irish Perspective. Dublin: Gill Macmillian Pillitteri, A. (2010). Maternal and Child Health Nursing. 6th ed. , Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins Pound, L. (2011). Influencing Early Childhood Education: Key terms, Philosophies and Theories. New York: McGraw-Hill Pressley, M. and McCormick, C. (2007). Child and Adolescent Development for Educators. New York: Guilford Press Puckett, M. and Diffily, D. (2008). Teaching young children: An introduction to early childhood. 2nd ed. , New York: Wadsworth Ray, D. (2011). Advanced play therapy: Essential conditions, knowledge and skills for child practice. New York: Routledge Shaffer, D. (2009). Social and Personality Development. 6th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth Salkind, N. (2004). An introduction to theories of Human Development. London: Sage Publications How to cite Erik Erikson, Papers Erik Erikson Free Essays The most interesting topic that we discussed in class the semester, was the theory that Erik Erikson had developed. Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-kenned theories of personality in psychology. Much akin to Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. We will write a custom essay sample on Erik Erikson or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unlike Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson’s theory describes the impact of convivial experience across the whole lifespan. One of the main elements of Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through interaction. According to Erikson, our ego identity is fluctuating due to incipient experiences and information we acquire in our circadian interactions with others. I learned that when psychologists talk about identity, they are talking about the notions, ideals, and values that avail make up a person’s comportment. Identity commences when were very puerile and it becomes very paramount and critical in the adolescent teen ages. Shaping our identity never really ends it’ll change for the good and maybe even for the bad for the rest of our lives. Our personal identity gives each of us something unique that dissevers one’s self from every other person in this world. Erikson additionally believed that a sense of competence motivates someone’s actions. Each stage in Erikson’s theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life. If the stage is handled well, the person will feel as if the have achieved something great, which is sometimes referred to as ego strength or ego quality. If the stage is managed poorly, the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy. In each stage, Erikson believed people experience a conflict that accommodates as a turning point in development. In Erikson’s view, these conflicts are centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal magnification is high, but so is the potential for failure. I believe that, that’s something that a lot people are faced with. It’s like having a dream and going after it, say for hockey. For me I dream big with it, I want to make it in the professionals. Therefore I’m taking a risk, I can either achieve what I’m aiming for or I can fail. I also feel that for my identity I need to be more than just a good hockey player. I need to be a good person all around. You see a hockey player, you’d never know he’s a professional athlete. But once you put the skates on him, he becomes a beast. So overall Erikson proposed a lifespan model of development, taking in five stages up to the age of 18 years and three further stages beyond, well into adulthood. Erikson suggests that there is still plenty of room for perpetuated magnification and development throughout one’s life. Erikson put a great deal of accentuation on the adolescent period, feeling it was a crucial stage for developing a person’s identity. Like Freud and many others, Erik Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order, and build upon each precedent stage. This is called this epigamic principle. The outcome of this ‘maturation timetable’ is a wide and integrated set of life skills and abilities that function together within the autonomous individual. However, Instead of fixating on sexual development, he was intrigued with how children socialize and how this affects their sense of self. How to cite Erik Erikson, Papers

Erik Erikson Free Essays

The aim of this essay is to select a major theorist and discuss their contribution to the cognitive and social development in childhood. Erik Erikson was one of the most distinguished theorists of the 20th century. He discovered and developed psychosocial theory. We will write a custom essay sample on Erik Erikson or any similar topic only for you Order Now He was also one of the first theorists to cover the entire lifespan of an individual. Erikson’s proposed eight psychosocial stages which he named â€Å"The Eight Ages of Man†, which range from birth to 65 years and onwards (O’Brien, 2008). Throughout this essay I will discuss stages one to four which occur during childhood 0-12 years old. Erik Erikson was born on June 15th 1902, in Frankfurt Germany. When Erikson finished school he left home and moved to Florence to pursue his interest in art and enrolled in Baden State Art School. A year later, he moved to Vienna where he became an art teacher in a psychoanalytic school for children run by Dorothy Burlingham and Anna Freud who was the daughter of Sigmund Freud. While in Vienna, he also took classes in the University of Vienna which led him to receive a certificate in the Montessori Method (Puckett and Diffily, 2004). This move changed his life and career. When Erikson met Anna Freud he became interested in psychology which led him to study psychoanalysis. He was influenced by the work of Freud and this turned his career towards the study of children and their development (Salkind, 2004). Erikson extended Freud’s theory by combining his primary assumptions and expanding on them, considering other factors that could influence development. Erikson’s theory highlights that an individual’s personality develops in stages from social and cultural experiences across the lifespan. Freud’s theory of personality development concentrates on sexual and aggressive impulses through different psychosexual stages (Keenan and Evans, 2009). Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development helps us understand children’s feelings and how their emotional and social lives affect their learning (Pound, 2011). Erikson’s theory describes that an individual’s personality develops at each of the eight psychosocial stages of life. Erikson suggested that at each stage there is a different sort of conflict or crises that arises between the individual and relationships with others. He believed that each crisis must be resolved successfully for the individual to be prepared for the next life crisis. A negative or positive outcome of how the crisis is resolved leads to the change and development of the individual (Shaffer, 2009). Erikson’s first psychosocial stage of life is called Trust versus Mistrust. This stage takes place from birth to one year. The basic idea of the first stage is for the infant to develop trust. This occurs when the child’s needs for warmth, food, sleep and nurturing are consistently met. The infant is completely dependent on the caregiver and relies on them to meet their needs. By providing the child with consistent care, the caregiver helps them to develop self-trust and the ability to trust others and their environment (Essa, 2010). In a case were the child’s needs are not adequately met, a sense of mistrust in themselves and others around them is developed. They then move through future stages with this sense of mistrust, seeing the world as threating place filled with unreliable or untrustworthy people. When working with children Erikson’s theory is still used in practice nowadays. Teachers working with infants take particular care to provide a predictable environment and consistent caregiving. Babies are completely dependent on adults to meet their needs. Therefore, it is very important that they are nurtured by admirable, positive adults who are affectionate and sensitive in response to the babies needs as soon as they occur. The infant can then start to develop a sense of trust in the world that will support their growth into the next stage (Gordon and Browne, 2010). The second stage of life is known as Autonomy versus Doubt. This occurs from two to three years of age. According to Erikson during the second year of life toddlers begin to assert both their motor and cognitive abilities by trying to become more independent. Although they are still very dependent, they must learn to reach a balance between reliance on their caregiver and their desire to explore new things. One possible conflict revolves around toilet training. Successful growth through this stage gives the child a feeling of self-control and accomplishment of their own abilities (Essa, 2011). Erikson portrays a view that if children are made feel ashamed of their efforts they can develop a sense of self-doubt and insecurity. Children need to be able to express their growing independence within the safety of a loving, supportive environment. The search for autonomy not only requires great efforts from the child but also patience and support from their parents (Pressley and McCormick, 2007). For example, by encouraging children to explore and try new tasks parents hope to further their sense of independence. When children complete a task independently and successfully their sense of autonomy grows. Some children fail to develop a sense of autonomy. This may be because they failed at most tasks they attempted or discouragement from parents and developed a sense of shame and self-doubt instead (Newman and Newman, 2006). In early childhood education programmes children are praised for their achievements such as toilet training. A relaxed attitude from teachers and praise for their students helps the child gain a sense of independence without shame. Providing encouragement for both the child’s success and failure of a task gives balance between the child’s natural doubts and their drive for independence. The third stage of Erikson’s theory is Initiative versus guilt. This stage takes place from three to six years. During this stage children observe their parents and want to attempt many tasks that they watch them perform. Their sense of autonomy which developed from the last stage gives them the independence to attempt activities that are beyond their competency. If the parents give the child support and guidance in their new activities, this will result in feelings of achievement and pride in their own initiative. If the child is made feel that they are wrong for trying out new activities and are punished when the child tries to show initiative, they will be left with feelings of guilt (Berns, 2009). At this stage children have a great imagination and are very curious about their surroundings. In schools, children are encouraged to play with a variety of different toys to promote creative play and are exposed to different experiences such as school trips to learn more about the world. They are encouraged to ask the teacher questions, use their imagination and are given freedom to play and choose their activities. This promotes their feeling of initiative (Pillitteri, 2010). Erikson believed that the crucial point in this stage is the activity of children playing together. Playing allows the child to explore their communication abilities through such behaviour as deciding what to play. By using their initiative, children learn that they can make decisions, present a course of action and implement plans. As a result of this, children learn the basic skills of problems solving while working with other. These basic skills are an essential foundation for coping effectively in society (Carducci, 2009). The final stage of Erikson’s theory involved in childhood is called Industry versus Inferiority. During this stage the child has developed from their curiosity to try different things to their need to master certain activities (Ray, 2011). Such activities may include learning to read, write or playing a sport. As they start to master certain activities, children develop a sense of industry and begin to use their skills in a more personal way. For example, reading a book of their interest. While learning these skills in the company of their peers, some children may discover that their standard of skill is lower than others in their peer group. This awareness can cause the child to develop a sense of inferiority, and can lead them to lose interest in certain activities (Carducci, 2009). This feeling of failure and inferiority can result in the child giving up on certain activities because they believe they do not have the skill or ability required. Children continuously receive praise and attention for their efforts during school and social activities to encourage a sense of Industry (O’ Brien, 2011). Erikson’s theory contains 4 stages which are involved in the area of childhood. These four stages include trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. doubt, initiative vs. guilt and industry vs. inferiority. These range from birth to age twelve. Erikson has helped to contribute to our understanding of child development through these eight psychosocial stages. He describes the important issues for young children and the support we need to provide to help them gain a healthy development. Erikson’s stages have provided a framework for teachers working with young children. By using Erikson’s theory this helps the teacher promote healthy development in there students and is still used now in the modern classroom. Reference List Berns, R. (2009). Child, Family, School and Community: Socialization and support. th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth Carducci, D. (2011). The Psychology of Personality. 2nd ed. , Malden: Brooks/Cole Publishing Essa, E. (2011). Introduction to early childhood education. 6th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth Gordon, A. and Browne, K. (2010). Beginnings and Beyond: Foundations in Early Childhood Education. 8th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth. Keenan, T. and Evans, S. (2009). An introduction to Child Development. 2nd e d. , London: Sage Publications New, R. and Cochran, M. , eds. (2008). Early Childhood Education: An international encyclopaedia. Vol. , Westport: Praeger Newman, B and Newman, P (2006). Development Through Life: A Psychosocial Approach. 8th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth. O’ Brien, E (2008). Human growth and development: An Irish Perspective. Dublin: Gill Macmillian O’Brien, E. (2011). Psychology for Social Care: An Irish Perspective. Dublin: Gill Macmillian Pillitteri, A. (2010). Maternal and Child Health Nursing. 6th ed. , Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins Pound, L. (2011). Influencing Early Childhood Education: Key terms, Philosophies and Theories. New York: McGraw-Hill Pressley, M. and McCormick, C. (2007). Child and Adolescent Development for Educators. New York: Guilford Press Puckett, M. and Diffily, D. (2008). Teaching young children: An introduction to early childhood. 2nd ed. , New York: Wadsworth Ray, D. (2011). Advanced play therapy: Essential conditions, knowledge and skills for child practice. New York: Routledge Shaffer, D. (2009). Social and Personality Development. 6th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth Salkind, N. (2004). An introduction to theories of Human Development. London: Sage Publications How to cite Erik Erikson, Papers Erik Erikson Free Essays The most interesting topic that we discussed in class the semester, was the theory that Erik Erikson had developed. Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-kenned theories of personality in psychology. Much akin to Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. We will write a custom essay sample on Erik Erikson or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unlike Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson’s theory describes the impact of convivial experience across the whole lifespan. One of the main elements of Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through interaction. According to Erikson, our ego identity is fluctuating due to incipient experiences and information we acquire in our circadian interactions with others. I learned that when psychologists talk about identity, they are talking about the notions, ideals, and values that avail make up a person’s comportment. Identity commences when were very puerile and it becomes very paramount and critical in the adolescent teen ages. Shaping our identity never really ends it’ll change for the good and maybe even for the bad for the rest of our lives. Our personal identity gives each of us something unique that dissevers one’s self from every other person in this world. Erikson additionally believed that a sense of competence motivates someone’s actions. Each stage in Erikson’s theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life. If the stage is handled well, the person will feel as if the have achieved something great, which is sometimes referred to as ego strength or ego quality. If the stage is managed poorly, the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy. In each stage, Erikson believed people experience a conflict that accommodates as a turning point in development. In Erikson’s view, these conflicts are centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal magnification is high, but so is the potential for failure. I believe that, that’s something that a lot people are faced with. It’s like having a dream and going after it, say for hockey. For me I dream big with it, I want to make it in the professionals. Therefore I’m taking a risk, I can either achieve what I’m aiming for or I can fail. I also feel that for my identity I need to be more than just a good hockey player. I need to be a good person all around. You see a hockey player, you’d never know he’s a professional athlete. But once you put the skates on him, he becomes a beast. So overall Erikson proposed a lifespan model of development, taking in five stages up to the age of 18 years and three further stages beyond, well into adulthood. Erikson suggests that there is still plenty of room for perpetuated magnification and development throughout one’s life. Erikson put a great deal of accentuation on the adolescent period, feeling it was a crucial stage for developing a person’s identity. Like Freud and many others, Erik Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order, and build upon each precedent stage. This is called this epigamic principle. The outcome of this ‘maturation timetable’ is a wide and integrated set of life skills and abilities that function together within the autonomous individual. However, Instead of fixating on sexual development, he was intrigued with how children socialize and how this affects their sense of self. How to cite Erik Erikson, Papers