How to write college essay: 2020

Tuesday, August 25, 2020

The Oxford Comma Explained

The Oxford Comma Explained Theres not a subject progressively troublesome to grammarians, authors, and editors than the utilization of the Oxford (or sequential) comma. The Oxford comma is the last comma utilized in a rundown of at least three things and is expressive in its use, which basically implies that you use it relying upon what sort of composing youre doing. Defenders of the Oxford comma state that this last comma gives lucidity and helps the peruser. In any case, those enemy of Oxford comma scholars out there state that this last comma jumbles up the page and that the utilization of it might even add to more confusion.So, how would you know whether you should utilize it in your composition? For what reason would it be a good idea for you to utilize it (or for what reason would it be advisable for you to not)? Here is a manual for everything Oxford comma to assist you with figuring out which side of the contention you fall on.What is the Oxford comma?The Oxford Dictionarys site characterizes the Oxfor d comma as, a discretionary comma before the word and toward the finish of a listÃ¢â‚¬ ¦ its known as the Oxford comma since it was customarily utilized by printers, perusers, and editors at Oxford University Press. Not all essayists and distributers use it, yet it can explain the significance of a sentence when the things in a rundown are not single words.The history of the Oxford comma is somewhat dinky, however as indicated by an article on Business Insider, the primary individual to record this ground-breaking little accentuation mark as rule was a man named Frederick Howard Collins who was a British indexer and author. He included editorial on the sequential comma in his 1912 book distributed by Oxford University Press entitled, Authors Printers Dictionary: A Guide for Authors.In his thinking for utilizing the sequential comma, Collins wrote:The late Herbert Spencer [the Victorian logician and scientist] permitted me to cite from his letter:- regardless of whether to compose da rk, white, and green, with the comma after white, or to forget about the comma and compose dark, white and green-I decidedly rule for the first. To me the comma is of incentive as stamping out the segment components of an idea, and where any arrangement of segments of an idea are of equivalent worth, they ought to be punctuated in printing and in discourse similarly. Clearly hence for this situation, while specifying these hues dark, white, and green, the white is the same amount of to be underscored as the other two, it needs the delay after it the same amount of as the dark does.Frederick Howard CollinsSo basically what Collins was stating (through Spencer) is that since something is toward the end in a rundown doesnt imply that it shouldnt get a similar respite and treatment as the initial at least two things in a rundown. For the only remaining century, Oxford University Press and different organizations of style and language structure have demanded the utilization of this last comma.When would it be a good idea for you to utilize the Oxford comma?Now that we know a tad about the historical backdrop of the Oxford comma and that its used to explain sentences with at least two things in a rundown, how would we realize when to utilize it in our composition? Since it is expressive in its use implying that its simply the favored style of the manner in which a sentence looks and not a standard fundamentally you arent continually going to utilize the sequential comma.Here is a rundown of probably the most widely recognized style guides you will utilize while composing, and whether they utilize the Oxford comma:Associated Press Style (AP) doesn't utilize the Oxford comma.American Psychological Association Style (APA) uses the Oxford comma.Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) uses the Oxford comma.The Modern Languages Association (MLA) uses the Oxford comma.The Oxford University Press (OUP) uses the Oxford comma.You may have seen that the main normal style manage we have recorded here that doesn't utilize the Oxford comma is the Associated Press (or AP) style direct. This guide is the stylebook for columnists, advertising, and promoting experts. There are a few reasons why AP doesn't utilize the Oxford comma, however its for the most part not utilized as an approach to utilize space effectively inside their paragraphs.So since we know when we should utilize it, lets take a gander at certain guides to give us how its done. Here are a few sentences that could be explained utilizing the Oxford comma:Example 1I love my folks, Russell Westbrook and Ariana Grande.Why this ought to be corrected:Though it would positively be cool to have Russell Westbrook and Ariana Grande as guardians, its far-fetched this is the thing that the author of this sentence proposed. Its extremely simple to choose that this sentence is off base since we know without a doubt that Ariana Grande and Russell Westbrook dont have a kid together, however in different sentences it proba bly won't be so natural. Placing the last comma in will explain that the creator really implied that they preferred those individuals separately.Example 2Jamie sat on the plane close to Will Ferrell, the acclaimed comic, previous SNL star and an enormous German shepherd.Why this ought to be corrected:Clearly Will Ferrell isnt a renowned comic and furthermore a huge German shepherd simultaneously. This sentence could without much of a stretch be explained with a sequential comma, which would isolate the words and let us realize that Will Ferrell is to be sure a human and not a canine. Adversaries of the Oxford comma would probably say that the sentence doesnt need to include a comma yet rather should be modified to demonstrate that Jamie is sitting close to both Will Ferrell and a dog.Example 3I will appreciate oat, eggs and espresso at the beginning of today for breakfast.Why this ought to be corrected:This breakfast is beginning to sound mouth-watering until you get to the word and . Is the creator placing eggs in her espresso? Is it true that she is pouring espresso over her eggs? In either case, we need to decay the challenge to early lunch at her home. All joking aside, including that one little comma toward the end explains that the author proposed to state she is having espresso nearby of her eggs and not on them.Arguments against utilizing the Oxford commaFor each enthusiast to the Oxford comma, there is someone else who is resolutely against its use. Why wouldnt somebody need to utilize this instrument of language in the event that it makes things more clear? An enemy of Oxford comma individual would contend that it could now and then lead to greater uncertainty in a sentence.Another hostile to Oxford comma contention is that commas can litter up a page. Numerous authors and editors need the most significant things to radiate through in the content: the words. They contend that spilling commas and runs and other accentuation checks all through the conte nt can divert the peruser based on what is generally significant and bring down the fundamental idea.Lastly, against Oxford comma arguers state that most vagueness in sentences with records can be fixed by just revising them. They contend that the sentences should be rebuilt rather than just including some accentuation and afterward asserting that its no longer ambiguous.So since we know a few contentions on why we might not have any desire to utilize it, here are a few guides to give us what that may resemble. Heres how to fix sentences without the Oxford comma:Example 1I love my folks, Russell Westbrook and Ariana Grande.How this could be revised without the Oxford comma:I love my folks, yet I additionally love Russell Westbrook and Ariana Grande.Instead of including the last comma, we have included words that can explicitly reveal to us that Russell Westbrook and Ariana Grande are not the creators guardians. We could even make it a stride further and inquiry the creator to inquir e as to why these two considerations would be associated in any case. We could likewise inquire as to whether they could practically be isolated on the grounds that they appear to be two totally extraordinary thoughts.Example 2Jamie sat on the plane close to Will Ferrell, the popular entertainer, previous SNL star and an enormous German shepherd.How this could be remedied without the Oxford comma:Jamie sat on the plane close to Will Ferrell, the celebrated comic and previous SNL star, just as a huge German shepherd.We have rectified the uncertainty of whether Will Ferrell was a canine humorist (or a comic who had potentially transformed into a pooch) by including a couple of words. Presently we realize that the creator was sitting close to Will Ferrell and a huge German shepherd on the plane. We could likewise make this one stride further by approaching the creator for more detail here. Was this Will Ferrells hound or did the creator simply get extremely fortunate to sit by both on her plane ride? Was the pooch just permitted to sit without being on a rope? On the off chance that we essentially fixed it with a comma, at that point we despite everything probably won't have all the data that we need.Example 3I will appreciate oat, eggs and espresso at the beginning of today for breakfast.How this could be revised without the Oxford comma:For breakfast toward the beginning of today, I will appreciate grain and eggs while drinking coffee.In this sentence we totally revamped the request for the statements so it was less questionable what the creator was doing. Theres no inquiry now in the event that she is placing eggs in her espresso or pouring espresso in her eggs since we know since she is drinking espresso while having those morning meal items.Do I need to utilize the Oxford comma if Im not utilizing a style guide?If you are not utilizing a style direct and are composing something for individual utilization, at that point its not important to utilize the Oxford comma. The primary concern about accentuation is that regardless of how you use it, simply be predictable. For instance, in the event that you are composing something that doesn't need to hold fast to a style control, you can decide to illuminate numerals more than 10 in the event that it bodes well for the crowd however simply be steady with your standards. The motivation behind why we have style guides is to keep up a feeling of consistency all through records with the goal that its simpler for the crowd to peruse. On the off chance that you are composing something other than an exploration paper or a bit of news, at that point simply make certain to apply great composing style reliably and inquire as to whether you are addressing something.Pay regard for your style guideThough you may have your genuine beliefs about the Oxford comma, its imperative to put those aside when you are working with a particular style direct that directs whether

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Sports Biomechanics and Functional Anatomy

Sports Biomechanics and Functional Anatomy Presentation: Biomechanics is the game science field that applies the laws of mechanics and material science to human execution, so as to increase a more noteworthy comprehension of execution in athletic occasions through displaying, reenactment and estimation (Wood, 2009). As indicated by Mcginnis, (2004), Biomechanics is valuable to sports and can distinguish what powers may have caused a physical issue, how to keep the injury from repeating and what activities may help for injury recovery. It very well may be utilized for shifts in procedure, hardware or preparing to forestall or restore injury. The general job of Biomechanics is to comprehend the mechanical reason impact connections that decide the movements of living beings. According to brandish, Biomechanics adds to the portrayal, clarification, and forecast of the mechanical parts of human exercise, game and play. Sports biomechanics offers strategies by which the extremely quick activities which happen in game can be recorded and examined in detail. A significant use of sports biomechanics with any game is the definition and comprehension of aptitudes. This can help in the training procedure and thus upgrade the learning and execution of those abilities (Reilly and Williams, 2003). When taking a gander at golf it is obvious to see a ton of expertise is included during the swing. Hung and Jani, (2004) expressed that the golf swing is one of the most mind boggling biomechanical movements a human can make in sport. The point of the golf player must be to make a steady strike of the ball to push it in the ideal bearing for a given separation. Besides the hip assumes a significant job in the golf swing. The Hip joint: The hip joint is one of the biggest and most stable joints in the body. It is a ball and attachment joint that comprises of the leader of the femur interfacing with the hip bone socket of the pelvic support. The pelvic support, including the hip joint assumes a significant job in the supporting the heaviness of the body while offering versatility by expanding the scope of movement in the lower furthest point. The hip bone socket is the sunken surface of the ball and attachment joint, confronting anteriorly, along the side and poorly. Moreover the circular leader of the femur fits cozily into the acetabular cavity, giving the joint both congruency and an enormous surface. Both the femoral head and the hip bone socket have a lot of supple trabecular bone that encourages the dissemination of the powers consumed by the hip joint (Floyd and Thompson, 2001; Nordin and Frankel 2001; Uys, 2004). Tendons of the hip: As indicated by Callaghan et al, (2006) a few in number tendons fortify the container of the hip joint. These incorporate the iliofermoral tendon, the pubofemoral tendon and the ischiofemoral tendon. The iliofemoral tendon is the most grounded tendon in the body and assists with forestalling augmentation of the femur when the body is standing erect. It is a Y-formed band of extremely solid filaments that interfaces the lower front iliac spine of the coxal unresolved issue hard line (intertrochanteric line) stretching out between the more prominent and lesser trochanters of the femur. Anyway the pubofemoral tendon reaches out between the upper part of the pubis and the iliofemoral tendon. Its filaments likewise mix with the strands of the joint container of the hip joint. The ischiofemoral tendon is comprised of a band of solid filaments that start on the ischium simply behind the hip bone socket. These filaments mix with the strands of the joint container of the hip. (Pickering, 2009 ) Muscles of the Hip: The muscles of the hip joint are those muscles that cause development in the hip. Most present day anatomists characterize 17 of these muscles, albeit some extra muscles may now and again be thought of (Mind Body Motion, 2007). These are frequently isolated into a few gatherings. These muscles control the developments of the hips. As per Ãƒâ€"zkaya et al, (1999) the psoas, iliacus, rectus femoris, pectineus and tensor belt latae are the essential hip flexors. These are likewise used to do exercises, for example, running, strolling and kicking. The gluteus maximus and the hamstring muscles are hip extensors. The gluteus medius and gluteus minimus are hip abductor muscles accommodating the internal turn of the femur. The gluteus medius is likewise the essential muscle bunch balancing out the pelvis in the frontal plane. The adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magus and gracilis muscles are the hip adductors and furthermore accommodate the outward pivot of the femur. Development of the hips: The hip joint takes into consideration the best scope of development as it has the ability to move in three planes, around three tomahawks. It additionally has a lot of versatility, which permits ordinary headway in the presentation of day by day exercises. Kolt and Mackler, (2003), express that the hip joint has three degrees of opportunity of movement which incorporate flexion-augmentation in the sagittal plane, kidnapping adduction in the frontal plane (figure 3.2) and outside inner revolution in the transverse plane. Golf The cutting edge golf swing has developed with this utilization of innovation, both in gear and examination; just as the physical preparing the golf players presently experience. The golf swing is an exceptionally perplexing body movement, including an enormous scope of development of the upper appendages that go about as a connection between the golf club and the body, with the lower appendages going about as the fundamental development advancing regions. Impediments in the body regarding adaptability, solid quality, continuance, or force can make blames in the swing from a biomechanical point of view. Therefore, the greater part of the fruitful golf players on the planet today, are generally fit, adaptable and solid contrasted with in the more established age of golf players. Improved innovation in exercise centers has allowed golf players the chance to fortify explicit and key muscles utilized in the swing. Hip turn is imperative to the viability of the golf swing. As indicated by Hill, (2007), it holds the way in to an amazing swing. To build force and ball-striking capacity the hips need to pivot appropriately during the swing. As per Atherton,(2009), most beginner golf players turn their hips excessively far during the backswing, which makes it hard for them to get their hips to open up to the objective at sway, a key segment of an effective swing. Be that as it may, the expanded danger of hip injury is a moderately ongoing risk for golf players, emerging from the more noteworthy pivot supported by the advanced golf swing. This adjustment of this procedure itself decreased the rate of low-back injury among golf players. The downswing starts with a progress ahead of the hips that, with great golf players, really starts roughly 0.1 seconds before the club head arrives at the constraint of the back swing. This pushing ahead of the hips turns the entire chest area and moves the two switches through the initial segment of the downswing (Hay, 1993). The powers liable for this progress ahead of the hips and the lesser powers applied by a similar hip and leg muscles later in the downswing have been evaluated to represent 2.5 hp of the all out 3-4 hp created in a decent drive. In this way it can promptly be seen that the muscles of the hips and legs establish the principle source. A progression of EMG contemplates have depicted the job of the hip muscles during the golf swing (Thain and Alistair, 2002). An investigation by Tsai et al, (2004), demonstrated that hip snatching quality was altogether higher in better golf players. Furthermore it expressed all the hip developments would in general be more grounded in the best golf players who had the most minimal impediment and longest driving separations. In one examination performed by the University of Umea in which the muscle exercises in 13 male experts while playing out a golf swing were investigated utilizing dynamic surface electromyography (EMG) and the muscle exercises were estimated in percent of most extreme manual muscle testing (MMT) of each muscle. During the forward swing, gluteus maximus, communicated the most elevated muscle action during a total golf swing (84%). This demonstrates particularly the trailing side, gluteus maximus, is a significant hip stabilizer as the golf player moves the weight to the objective side and the golf club starts to quicken (Grinell, 1999). In golf the hip is particularly presented to high-speed interior turn on the downswing, requiring a lot of flighty gluteus muscle control. Set-up, ball positon, arrangement and stance are basic for a decent swing. Anyway agreeing Shamus, ( 2001), the most well-known trait of an ill-advised arrangement position is neglecting to utilize a hip-pivot movement to acquire the essential spine point. Besides advanced innovation has made it simpler for golf players and mentors to dissect the golf swing and right errors made by the golf player. Innovation propels: (ASTAR and Powerstool) The Astar computerized video innovation is the most recent, profoundly complex programming that assesses and examinations recorded golf swings. This implies golf educators can actually catch and represent each part of an understudies swing to decide and cure any difficult territories. It naturally makes a video record of the whole want movement (for a golf swing from address to finish). Astar incorporates all fundamental usefulness to break down specialized execution, thus improve the golf swing by this technique for examination. By utilizing the most recent A Star proficient programming, golf swings can be broke down from a wide range of points and an arrangement can be set up for the improvement of any golf swing (ASTAR, 2006). The powerstool is another case of cutting edge innovation used to improve the golf swing. It imitates the ideal golf swing as close as conceivable empowering the golf player to get inot the most efficent position (Strachan, 2009).The powerstool ensures the golf player accomplishes the perfect measure of hip turn and shoulder turn. This assists with lessening pressure and strain that is normal with over turning. Innovation in footwear and insoles has additionally evolved during the time making golf shoes progressively agreeable

Sunday, August 2, 2020

Who vs. Whom Which Do I Use

Who vs. Whom Which Do I Use (2) Most people know there is a difference between who and whom, but few remember what it is. In truth, you could go your entire life and only use whom a handful of times, but when those rare grammatical moments strike, if you want to be prepared, we are here to help. ( is also here to help you create citations in MLA format and APA format.) So what is the difference? Who=Subject Who is used when referring to the subject. In other words, who is used for the person doing something in a sentence. For example: Laura bought a gift for Frank. In this sentence, Laura is the subject. Whom=Object Whom is used to refer to the object of an action. More simply put, the object in a sentence has something done to it. For example: Laura bought a gift for Frank. In this sentence, Frank is the object. You may have noticed that there are two objects in this sentence Frank and gift, but remember who and whom are only used when discussing people. How to Ask Who and Whom Questions Once you identify the subject and object of a sentence, creating questions using who and whom is easy. Subject Question Q: Who bought the gift? A: Laura Object Question Q: For whom was the gift bought? A: Frank A Trick Though the process above is simple, it takes some time. To speed things up, the trick is to answer your own question with a full sentence. If the answer is â€œsheâ€ or â€œhe,â€ use who. If it is â€œherâ€ or â€œhimâ€ use whom. For example: She bought the gift. (Correct) Her bought the gift. (Incorrect) So the question must be: Who bought the the gift? The gift was bought for him. (Correct) The gift was bought for he. (Incorrect) So the question must be: For whom was the gift bought? Tip: The key to remembering this is that him and whom both end in M. To Whom or Not to Whom In an attempt to sound more educated some people misuse whom. It is often, incorrectly assumed that whom is a more formal version of who, which results in errors like: Alison is a woman whom I believe deserves great respect. (Incorrect) Whom may I say is calling? (Incorrect) The use of whom does add a formal flourish, but using it incorrectly has the opposite effect. A Classic Case of Whom â€œTo Whom it May Concernâ€ is probably the most recognizable use of whom. Before digital communication, it was the go-to introduction for open ended letters like a parent sending an early dismissal letter to school. These days it is recommended to do your research and address your email to a specific person. In rare cases like letters of complaint to a company and open letters of recommendation â€œTo Whom it may Concernâ€ followed by a colon is still appropriate. Whom will probably be completely eclipsed by who in the future, but until then, we hope this guide leaves you feeling confident to use each with whomever you like. Try for your citation needs. Our guides and EasyBib Plus can help you create citations in many styles, show you how to do an in text citation, and easily create a bibliography in works cited format.

Friday, May 22, 2020

Democracy And Liberal Democracy - 827 Words

Democracy is a political system in which the power belongs to the people by which majority rules. The source indicates that freedom of choice is an essential component to a liberal democracy as it gives the power to the people by having multiple political ideologies to choose from and elect as their government. When there is competition between multiple parties, each party has a critical opposition that can hold each party accountable and restrict their power within government. This gives the power to the people because it allows people to choose from multiple political ideologies. Without competition, a party can form an oligarchy; by which one group rules over a country. Without a critical opposition, no one can criticize the partysÃ¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦During post war Germany, Adolf Hitler had full control over the countryÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s political and economic systems. During this time, in 1933, the Enabling Act was introduced essentially giving all the power to Adolf Hitler to enact any laws without consulting the people. This act was the first step of abusing civil liberties in a democracy and essentially forming a oligarchy. Furthermore, in the Soviet Union, the Communist party led by Joseph Stalin controlled the government and all its actions. The Communist ideology revolves around collectivist beliefs in which the collective supersedes the individual It also promotes a central government led by a single leader. In the USSR, Stalin ran the government to his accord and that resulted in civil liberty abuses. Stalin held false elections that did not provide a choice to the citizens. Furthermore, he had got rid of anyone who questioned him further restricting the freedom of accountability. Competition between parties allows different ideologies to hold each other accountable during times of crisis or prosperity. This is evident in the United States parliament. In the United States parliament, the ideas of Montesquieu are implanted. Montesquieu suggested that government be separated into three different branches, that way one individual or party cannot take full power or control over the government. In the United States there are three branches, the legislative,Show MoreRelatedDemocracy And The Liberal Democracy1017 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesDemocracy varies in every country depending on the type of government or regime they have. There is the liberal democracy, which is all about giving people their rights and liberties; everything is done through fair voting and electing. The people are aware of everything that happens in their government. Illiberal democracies are basically the same as liberal, but the people in power are more secretive of their activities, and there is less civil liberty. It is essentially a partial democracy. NowRead MoreLiberal Democracies Vs. Liberal Democracy Essay1142 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesLiberal democracies, are defined as the system in which governmental body operate under the principle of individual rights and work to protect them regardless of religion, sect, ethnicity etc. Liberal democracies are thought to be secular in nature and generally do not account for religions or ethnicities rather they promote a certain nationalistic perspective throughout the state. Laws are made through majority vote in the parliament and are meant to be logical in nature rather than derived fromRead MoreThe Rise of a Liberal Democracy 1501 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesIn the article Fareed wrote he defines democracy as simply a government with free and fair elections. It is in essence rule of the majority, so if the majority is filled with ill intent then that is the direction of the government. Basically an unfiltered voice for the masses; and i t is not suitable by itself. Liberal Democracy is described as what people think of today when they here of Democracy; it is a government with a system of values/rights built in to protect the people from themselves. ItRead MoreEssay about Liberal Democracy1177 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 Pages Liberal democracy Introduction To begin with Francis Fukuyamas, provocative thesis, that after the fall of communism in Europe and the withering of the grand ideological contests, history too has ended. In his end of history theory, he maintained that the western liberal democracy had become the `final form of human government. The fact is that though not all theorists have this kind of a faith in liberal democracy, and believe that its not the only feasible form of democracy, theyRead MoreMedias Role in Liberal Democracies1119 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesThe basic elements in a liberal democracy are regular elections, a parliament exercising control over government within law and individuals freedoms such as free debate, freedom of association and the right to protest (Carter Stokes, 2002). Regular elections should include competitiveness among parties to keep elections fair and voters should be aware of their interests. Additionally, as Carter and Stokes (2002) state that there should be Ã¢â‚¬Å"a parliament that can exercise control over the governmentRead MoreNations With A System Of Liberal Democracy1734 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 7 PagesNations with a system of liberal democracy have a hope to achieve a structure of government that benefits all citizens equally (Callan, p. 1, 2004). However, countries that claim to be liberal representative democracies (such as the United States, New Zealand, and the Britain) have failed to be representative of all the citizens. Due to historical occurrences, traditional gender roles, and lack of activism from the elite (white men in positions of power), women have been denied their natural humanRead MoreThe Future of History: Can Liberal Democracy Survive the Decline of the Middle Class536 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 2 PagesÃ¢â‚¬Å"The Future of History: Ca n Liberal Democracy Survive the Decline of the Middle Class?Ã¢â‚¬ Francis Fukuyama It would take a great deal of confidence, in these uncertain and changing times, to publish an article called The Future of History. Yet, this is precisely what Francis Fukuyama has done in this article. It is a bold title since it not only places this article in the ideological path of his most famous work, Ã¢â‚¬Å"The End of History and the Last Man,Ã¢â‚¬ but it also suggests a fundamental departureRead MoreThe Media And Liberal Democracy2741 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 11 PagesThe Media and Liberal Democracy Name: Areez Somani Professor: Ã‚ Dr.Ã‚ David Hoogenboom Student Number: 250644546 Due Date: July 19, 2015 Our society is based upon a set of key main ingredients that have led us to todayÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s era of information technology. This vast array of technological advancements concerning the internet, television, mobile devices and even newspapers all share one unique characteristic, they are controlled and manipulated by the media (Diamond, 2010, pg 5)Read MoreEssay on Liberal Democracy1087 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesLiberal Democracy Liberal democracy, with a capitalist economy, is the only form of social organization that will work in this world. Socialism and Communism appear to be sound in theory, but would never come close to achieving what capitalism does. Liberal democracy and capitalism allow for a beneficial competition where communism does not. This competition, in the liberal tradition, on both political and economical levels, allows for the best balance of security and freedom to the peopleRead MoreLiberal Democracy Vs. Totalitarianism1198 Words Ã‚ |Ã‚ 5 PagesLiberal Democracy versus Totalitarianism Ã¢â‚¬Å"Who controls the past, controls the future; who controls the present, controls the pastÃ¢â‚¬ is the slogan of the Party in OrwellÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Ã¢â‚¬Å"Nineteen Eighty-FourÃ¢â‚¬ (1949). In other words, in a totalitarian society, the government controls the past and the future by controlling the present; force the society and disrespect the individual rights are the main power of the government. There were some examples of the totalitarian societies. However, there was more examples

Sunday, May 10, 2020

Quocirca Insight Report Operations Management in UK...

QUOCIRCA INSIGHT REPORT November 2007 Contacts: Sharon Crawford Quocirca Ltd Tel +44 7989 243830 sharon/crawford@quocirca.com Operations Management in UK Financial Services How effectively is technology being applied to help to monitor and improve operations performance? The extremely competitive nature of the financial services industry today and the changing landscape of customer expectations and their approach to investing in financial products, puts an onus on suppliers to consider how well they are dealing with new and existing customersÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ business transactions. Much is written about the frontline call centre operations, but this report focuses on the back office activities, the operational area where complex applicationsÃ¢â‚¬ ¦show more contentÃ¢â‚¬ ¦There is potential to improve further by using systems that allow real-time visibility of the progress of dealing with customersÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ business. An independent study by Quocirca Ltd. www.quocirca.com Operations Management in Financial Services Page 2 Introduction Performance Management in the financial services industry is vital and well supported by the suites of Corporate Performance Management software that enable these companies to budget, plan and report in an accurate and timely fashion. Underpinning successful performance management is the need for predictable and controllable day to day operations management, both front and back office. Much has been written in the media about the use of tools to achieve this in call centres in businesses today. This report is based on research was carried out to investigate the extent to which software applications are used to monitor and measure the effectiveness of handling customer business Ã¢â‚¬â€œ focusing on the back office operations and specifically addressing organisations in the UK. attempting to include some measurements of the costs of rework, (figure 2). Figure - 2 Do organisations attempt to quantify and measure business value of operational measures? 0% Reduced Costs Number of complaints Customer Response times Staff utilisation Staff satisfaction Re-work Detailed quantifiable measures

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Erik Erikson Free Essays

The aim of this essay is to select a major theorist and discuss their contribution to the cognitive and social development in childhood. Erik Erikson was one of the most distinguished theorists of the 20th century. He discovered and developed psychosocial theory. We will write a custom essay sample on Erik Erikson or any similar topic only for you Order Now He was also one of the first theorists to cover the entire lifespan of an individual. EriksonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s proposed eight psychosocial stages which he named Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Eight Ages of ManÃ¢â‚¬ , which range from birth to 65 years and onwards (OÃ¢â‚¬â„¢Brien, 2008). Throughout this essay I will discuss stages one to four which occur during childhood 0-12 years old. Erik Erikson was born on June 15th 1902, in Frankfurt Germany. When Erikson finished school he left home and moved to Florence to pursue his interest in art and enrolled in Baden State Art School. A year later, he moved to Vienna where he became an art teacher in a psychoanalytic school for children run by Dorothy Burlingham and Anna Freud who was the daughter of Sigmund Freud. While in Vienna, he also took classes in the University of Vienna which led him to receive a certificate in the Montessori Method (Puckett and Diffily, 2004). This move changed his life and career. When Erikson met Anna Freud he became interested in psychology which led him to study psychoanalysis. He was influenced by the work of Freud and this turned his career towards the study of children and their development (Salkind, 2004). Erikson extended FreudÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s theory by combining his primary assumptions and expanding on them, considering other factors that could influence development. EriksonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s theory highlights that an individualÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s personality develops in stages from social and cultural experiences across the lifespan. FreudÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s theory of personality development concentrates on sexual and aggressive impulses through different psychosexual stages (Keenan and Evans, 2009). EriksonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s theory of psychosocial development helps us understand childrenÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s feelings and how their emotional and social lives affect their learning (Pound, 2011). EriksonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s theory describes that an individualÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s personality develops at each of the eight psychosocial stages of life. Erikson suggested that at each stage there is a different sort of conflict or crises that arises between the individual and relationships with others. He believed that each crisis must be resolved successfully for the individual to be prepared for the next life crisis. A negative or positive outcome of how the crisis is resolved leads to the change and development of the individual (Shaffer, 2009). EriksonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s first psychosocial stage of life is called Trust versus Mistrust. This stage takes place from birth to one year. The basic idea of the first stage is for the infant to develop trust. This occurs when the childÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s needs for warmth, food, sleep and nurturing are consistently met. The infant is completely dependent on the caregiver and relies on them to meet their needs. By providing the child with consistent care, the caregiver helps them to develop self-trust and the ability to trust others and their environment (Essa, 2010). In a case were the childÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s needs are not adequately met, a sense of mistrust in themselves and others around them is developed. They then move through future stages with this sense of mistrust, seeing the world as threating place filled with unreliable or untrustworthy people. When working with children EriksonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s theory is still used in practice nowadays. Teachers working with infants take particular care to provide a predictable environment and consistent caregiving. Babies are completely dependent on adults to meet their needs. Therefore, it is very important that they are nurtured by admirable, positive adults who are affectionate and sensitive in response to the babies needs as soon as they occur. The infant can then start to develop a sense of trust in the world that will support their growth into the next stage (Gordon and Browne, 2010). The second stage of life is known as Autonomy versus Doubt. This occurs from two to three years of age. According to Erikson during the second year of life toddlers begin to assert both their motor and cognitive abilities by trying to become more independent. Although they are still very dependent, they must learn to reach a balance between reliance on their caregiver and their desire to explore new things. One possible conflict revolves around toilet training. Successful growth through this stage gives the child a feeling of self-control and accomplishment of their own abilities (Essa, 2011). Erikson portrays a view that if children are made feel ashamed of their efforts they can develop a sense of self-doubt and insecurity. Children need to be able to express their growing independence within the safety of a loving, supportive environment. The search for autonomy not only requires great efforts from the child but also patience and support from their parents (Pressley and McCormick, 2007). For example, by encouraging children to explore and try new tasks parents hope to further their sense of independence. When children complete a task independently and successfully their sense of autonomy grows. Some children fail to develop a sense of autonomy. This may be because they failed at most tasks they attempted or discouragement from parents and developed a sense of shame and self-doubt instead (Newman and Newman, 2006). In early childhood education programmes children are praised for their achievements such as toilet training. A relaxed attitude from teachers and praise for their students helps the child gain a sense of independence without shame. Providing encouragement for both the childÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s success and failure of a task gives balance between the childÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s natural doubts and their drive for independence. The third stage of EriksonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s theory is Initiative versus guilt. This stage takes place from three to six years. During this stage children observe their parents and want to attempt many tasks that they watch them perform. Their sense of autonomy which developed from the last stage gives them the independence to attempt activities that are beyond their competency. If the parents give the child support and guidance in their new activities, this will result in feelings of achievement and pride in their own initiative. If the child is made feel that they are wrong for trying out new activities and are punished when the child tries to show initiative, they will be left with feelings of guilt (Berns, 2009). At this stage children have a great imagination and are very curious about their surroundings. In schools, children are encouraged to play with a variety of different toys to promote creative play and are exposed to different experiences such as school trips to learn more about the world. They are encouraged to ask the teacher questions, use their imagination and are given freedom to play and choose their activities. This promotes their feeling of initiative (Pillitteri, 2010). Erikson believed that the crucial point in this stage is the activity of children playing together. Playing allows the child to explore their communication abilities through such behaviour as deciding what to play. By using their initiative, children learn that they can make decisions, present a course of action and implement plans. As a result of this, children learn the basic skills of problems solving while working with other. These basic skills are an essential foundation for coping effectively in society (Carducci, 2009). The final stage of EriksonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s theory involved in childhood is called Industry versus Inferiority. During this stage the child has developed from their curiosity to try different things to their need to master certain activities (Ray, 2011). Such activities may include learning to read, write or playing a sport. As they start to master certain activities, children develop a sense of industry and begin to use their skills in a more personal way. For example, reading a book of their interest. While learning these skills in the company of their peers, some children may discover that their standard of skill is lower than others in their peer group. This awareness can cause the child to develop a sense of inferiority, and can lead them to lose interest in certain activities (Carducci, 2009). This feeling of failure and inferiority can result in the child giving up on certain activities because they believe they do not have the skill or ability required. Children continuously receive praise and attention for their efforts during school and social activities to encourage a sense of Industry (OÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ Brien, 2011). EriksonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s theory contains 4 stages which are involved in the area of childhood. These four stages include trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. doubt, initiative vs. guilt and industry vs. inferiority. These range from birth to age twelve. Erikson has helped to contribute to our understanding of child development through these eight psychosocial stages. He describes the important issues for young children and the support we need to provide to help them gain a healthy development. EriksonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s stages have provided a framework for teachers working with young children. By using EriksonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s theory this helps the teacher promote healthy development in there students and is still used now in the modern classroom. Reference List Berns, R. (2009). Child, Family, School and Community: Socialization and support. th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth Carducci, D. (2011). The Psychology of Personality. 2nd ed. , Malden: Brooks/Cole Publishing Essa, E. (2011). Introduction to early childhood education. 6th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth Gordon, A. and Browne, K. (2010). Beginnings and Beyond: Foundations in Early Childhood Education. 8th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth. Keenan, T. and Evans, S. (2009). An introduction to Child Development. 2nd e d. , London: Sage Publications New, R. and Cochran, M. , eds. (2008). Early Childhood Education: An international encyclopaedia. Vol. , Westport: Praeger Newman, B and Newman, P (2006). Development Through Life: A Psychosocial Approach. 8th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth. OÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ Brien, E (2008). Human growth and development: An Irish Perspective. Dublin: Gill Macmillian OÃ¢â‚¬â„¢Brien, E. (2011). Psychology for Social Care: An Irish Perspective. Dublin: Gill Macmillian Pillitteri, A. (2010). Maternal and Child Health Nursing. 6th ed. , Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins Pound, L. (2011). Influencing Early Childhood Education: Key terms, Philosophies and Theories. New York: McGraw-Hill Pressley, M. and McCormick, C. (2007). Child and Adolescent Development for Educators. New York: Guilford Press Puckett, M. and Diffily, D. (2008). Teaching young children: An introduction to early childhood. 2nd ed. , New York: Wadsworth Ray, D. (2011). Advanced play therapy: Essential conditions, knowledge and skills for child practice. New York: Routledge Shaffer, D. (2009). Social and Personality Development. 6th ed. , Belmont: Wadsworth Salkind, N. (2004). An introduction to theories of Human Development. London: Sage Publications How to cite Erik Erikson, Papers Erik Erikson Free Essays The most interesting topic that we discussed in class the semester, was the theory that Erik Erikson had developed. Erik EriksonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-kenned theories of personality in psychology. Much akin to Sigmund Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. We will write a custom essay sample on Erik Erikson or any similar topic only for you Order Now Unlike FreudÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s theory of psychosexual stages, EriksonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s theory describes the impact of convivial experience across the whole lifespan. One of the main elements of EriksonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through interaction. According to Erikson, our ego identity is fluctuating due to incipient experiences and information we acquire in our circadian interactions with others. I learned that when psychologists talk about identity, they are talking about the notions, ideals, and values that avail make up a personÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s comportment. Identity commences when were very puerile and it becomes very paramount and critical in the adolescent teen ages. Shaping our identity never really ends itÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ll change for the good and maybe even for the bad for the rest of our lives. Our personal identity gives each of us something unique that dissevers oneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s self from every other person in this world. Erikson additionally believed that a sense of competence motivates someoneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s actions. Each stage in EriksonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life. If the stage is handled well, the person will feel as if the have achieved something great, which is sometimes referred to as ego strength or ego quality. If the stage is managed poorly, the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy. In each stage, Erikson believed people experience a conflict that accommodates as a turning point in development. In EriksonÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s view, these conflicts are centered on either developing a psychological quality or failing to develop that quality. During these times, the potential for personal magnification is high, but so is the potential for failure. I believe that, thatÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s something that a lot people are faced with. ItÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s like having a dream and going after it, say for hockey. For me I dream big with it, I want to make it in the professionals. Therefore IÃ¢â‚¬â„¢m taking a risk, I can either achieve what IÃ¢â‚¬â„¢m aiming for or I can fail. I also feel that for my identity I need to be more than just a good hockey player. I need to be a good person all around. You see a hockey player, youÃ¢â‚¬â„¢d never know heÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s a professional athlete. But once you put the skates on him, he becomes a beast. So overall Erikson proposed a lifespan model of development, taking in five stages up to the age of 18 years and three further stages beyond, well into adulthood. Erikson suggests that there is still plenty of room for perpetuated magnification and development throughout oneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s life. Erikson put a great deal of accentuation on the adolescent period, feeling it was a crucial stage for developing a personÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s identity. Like Freud and many others, Erik Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order, and build upon each precedent stage. This is called this epigamic principle. The outcome of this Ã¢â‚¬Ëœmaturation timetableÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ is a wide and integrated set of life skills and abilities that function together within the autonomous individual. However, Instead of fixating on sexual development, he was intrigued with how children socialize and how this affects their sense of self. How to cite Erik Erikson, Papers

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Thursday, April 30, 2020

Spinal Cord Injuries Essays - Neurotrauma, Spinal Cord, Tetraplegia

Spinal Cord Injuries As an Emergency Medical Technician (EMT), when someone has a spinal injury, additional movement may cause further damage to the spine. EMT's must always immobilize the patient's head and torso in the position found. The purpose of an EMT is to prevent further harm to the patient until more professional medical help can be obtained. If in doubt about whether a person has received a spinal injury, always assume he or she has. A spinal cord injury (SCI) is very serious because it can mean the loss of sensation and function in the parts of the body below the site of the injury. SCI's are caused in many different ways. Some of the most common ways a person may obtain a SCI are- motor vehicle accidents, bullet or stab wound, diving accidents, electric shock, awkward positioning of the body, falls, sports injuries (such as football or diving), industrial accidents, assault and gunshot wounds. Polio, Spina Bifida and Friedreich's Ataxia are some of the frequent diseases that cause SCI. SCI may also be know in other names such as spinal cord compression (SCC) and spinal cord trauma (SCT). According to an article in , SCI's occur in approximately 12,000 to 15,000 people per year in the U.S. About 10,000 of these people are permanently paralyzed, and many of the rest die as a result of their injuries. Most spinal cord trauma occurs to young, healthy individuals. Males between the ages of 15 and 35 are most commonly affected. The spinal cord is about 18 inches long and extends from the base of the brain, down the middle of the back, to about the waist. It is composed of 33 bones called vertebrae, 31 pairs of nerves, 40 muscles and numerous connecting tendons and ligaments running from the base of the skull to the tailbone. Between the vertebrae are fibrous, elastic cartilage called discs. These absorb shock and keep your spine flexible and cushion the hard vertebrae as it moves. The nerves that lie within the spinal cord are upper motor neurons (UMN's) and their function is to carry the messages back and forth from the brain to the spinal nerves along the spinal tract. The spinal nerves that branch out from the spinal cord to the other parts of the body are called lower motor neurons (LMN's). These spinal nerves exit and enter at each vertebral level and communicate with specific areas of the body. The sensory portions of the LMN carry messages about sensation from the skin and other body parts and organs to the brain. The motor portions of the LMN send messages from the brain to the various body parts to begin actions such as muscle movement. The brain and the spinal cord both make up the Central Nervous System. Motor and sensory nerves outside the central nervous system make up the Peripheral Nervous System and another diffuse system of nerves that control involuntary functions such as blood pressure and temperature regulation are the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems. Rings of bone called vertebra surround the spinal cord, and these bones make up the spinal column or backbones. Most often, the higher in the spinal column the injury occurs, the more dysfunction a person will experience. The vertebras are named according to their location. The 8 vertebra in the neck are called the Cervical Vertebra. The top vertebra is called C-1; the next is C-2, and etc. Cervical SCI's usually cause loss of function in the arms and legs, resulting in quadriplegia. The 12 vertebra in the chest are called the Thoracic Vertebra. The first is called the T-1 and it's where the top rib attaches. Injuries to this region usually affect the chest and the legs and result in paraplegia. The vertebra in the lower back between the thoracic and the pelvis, are called the Lumbar Vertebra. The sacral vertebras run from the pelvis to the end of the spinal column. Injuries to the 5 Lumbar vertebra and similarly to the 5 sacral vertebra generally result in some loss of functioning in the hips and legs. The effects of SCI depend on the type of injury and the level of the injury. SCI can be divided into two types of injury- complete and incomplete. A complete injury means that there is no function below the level of the injury, no sensation and no voluntary movement. Both sides of the body are equally affected. An incomplete injury means that there is some functioning below the primary level

Saturday, March 21, 2020

Psittacosaurus - Facts and Figures

Psittacosaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Psittacosaurus (Greek for parrot lizard); pronounced sih-TACK-oh-SORE-us Habitat: Scrublands and deserts of Asia Historical Period: Early to middle Cretaceous (120 to 100 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 3 to 6 feet long and 50 to 175 pounds, depending on species Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Short, blunt head with curved beak; small horns on cheeks About Psittacosaurus As you may have guessed from its name, Greek for parrot lizard, what set Psittacosaurus apart from other dinosaurs of the Cretaceous period was its distinctly un-dinosaur-like head. This plant-eaters curved beak made it somewhat reminiscent of a parrot, but otherwise, its squat noggin was distinctly tortoise-like. (One shouldnt draw too much from this analogy; Psittacosaurus, and other ornithischian dinosaurs like it, werent directly ancestral to modern birds, an honor that belongs to saurischian dinosaurs.) Although its often depicted in a four-legged posture, paleontologists believe some species of Psittacosaurus (there are at least 10 currently named) walked or ran on two legs. (A new study concludes that this dinosaur scuttled around on four legs as a juvenile, then assumed a bipedal posture thanks to a growth spurt in its hind legs.) Psittacosaurus seems to have led a relatively quiet life, although the horns on its faceprobably a sexually selected characteristicindicate that the males may have engaged in combat with each other for the right to mate with females. Theres also solid evidence that Psittacosaurus cared for its young after they hatched, like the distantly related duck-billed dinosaurs Maiasaura and Hypacrosaurus. By the way, you wouldnt know it from its small, unprepossessing appearance (six feet from head to tail and 200 pounds, max, for the largest species), but Psittacosaurus is classified as a ceratopsianthe family of horned, frilled dinosaurs the most famous members of which were the much later Triceratops, Protoceratops, and Styracosaurus. In fact, Psittacosaurus was one of the most basal ceratopsians, predated only by the late Jurassic Chaoyangsaurus and itself a close cousin to a bewildering array of proto-ceratopsian genera, including Yinlong and Leptoceratops.

Wednesday, March 4, 2020

How to Conjugate French Regular -ER Verbs

How to Conjugate French Regular -ER Verbs There are five main kinds of verbs in French: regular -ER, -IR, -RE; stem-changing; and irregular. Once youve learned the rules of conjugation for each of the first three kinds of verbs, you should have no problem conjugating regular verbs in each of those categories. The majority of French verbs are regular -ER verbs. French Regular -ER Verb Conjugations The verb form that ends in -ER is called the infinitive, and -ER is the infinitive ending. The verb with the infinitive ending removed is called the stem or radical. To conjugate -ER verbs, remove the infinitive ending to find the stem and add the endings. The table lists the present tense conjugations for the regular -ER verbs parler (to speak or talk), donner (to give), and visiter (to visit). To help with learning, the infinitive form is listed (such asÃ‚ parler) followed by the stem (such asÃ‚ parl-). Pronoun Ending parler parl- donner donn- visiter visit- je -e parle donne visite tu -es parles donnes visites il -e parle donne visite nous -ons parlons donnons visitons vous -ez parlez donnez visitez ils -ent parlent donnent visitent Regular -ER verbs share conjugation patterns in all tenses and moods. More -ER VerbÃ‚ Conjugations: Penser The rules for conjugating regular -ER verbs remain the same throughout all tenses and moods: Thats why they the are called regular -ER verbs. For your studies, it can be helpful, however, to view all the conjugations for all tenses of moods of a regular -ER verb, such asÃ‚ penserÃ‚ (to think). Remember that to conjugate this regular -ER verb, simply take the stem -penseÃ‚ and then add the appropriate endings. Pronoun Present Future Imperfect je pense penserai pensais tu penses penseras pensais il pense pensera pensait nous pensons penserons pensions vous pensez penserez pensiez ils pensent penseront pensaient Pronoun Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je pense penserais pensai pensasse tu penses penserais pensas pensasses il pense penserait pensa penst nous pensions penserions pensmes pensassions vous pensiez penseriez penstes pensassiez ils pensent penseraient pensrent pensassent Pronoun Imperative tu pense nous pensons vous pensez Some Common French Regular -ER Verbs Take some time to familiarize yourself with the most common regular -ER verbs, because youre likely to encounter these words often when reading or speaking French. They all share the same conjugation patterns, with a few exceptions noted below. aimerÃ‚ to like, to lovearriverÃ‚ to arrive, to happenchanterÃ‚ Ã‚ to singchercherÃ‚ to look forcommencerÃ‚ to begindanserÃ‚ to dancedemanderÃ‚ to ask fordÃƒ ©penserÃ‚ Ã‚ to spend (money)dÃƒ ©testerÃ‚ to hatedonnerÃ‚ to giveÃƒ ©couterÃ‚ to listen toÃƒ ©tudier Ã‚ Ã‚ to studyfermerÃ‚ to closegoÃƒ »terÃ‚ Ã‚ to tastejouerÃ‚ to playlaverÃ‚ to washmangerÃ‚ Ã‚ to eatnagerÃ‚ to swimparlerÃ‚ to talk, to speakpasserÃ‚ to pass, spend (time)porterÃ‚ to wear, to carryrÃƒ ªverÃ‚ to dreamsemblerÃ‚ to seemskierÃ‚ to skitravaillerÃ‚ to worktrouverÃ‚ to findvolerÃ‚ to fly, to steal A Few Exceptions All regular s of this kind of conjugation would be commencerÃ‚ (to begin), manger (to eat),Ã‚ nagerÃ‚ (to swim), andÃ‚ skier (to ski). Though they are conjugated just like regular -ER verbs, watch out for verbs that end inÃ‚ -IER, such asÃ‚ Ãƒ ©tudierÃ‚ (to study).

Monday, February 17, 2020

3.Using an extended example critically discuss the view that a sector Essay - 1

3.Using an extended example critically discuss the view that a sector matrix gives a better strategic understanding of product markets than the concepts of product or commodity chains - Essay Example Some have limiting capabilities while one or two may be considered appropriate for a specific industry. Such is the case of sector matrix framework. It is perceived that this analysis tool gives a better strategic understanding of product market than global commodity chain, and value chain (Haslam, Neale & Johal, 2000). The aim of this essay is to critically analyze whether sector matrix framework is better in strategic understanding of product markets than the concept of commodity chains. Sector matrix has been proved to be most appropriate for analysis of markets especially considering demand and supply. It incorporates ideas from both commodity chain, and PorterÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s value chain. Sector matrix is a framework with the capability of working with far much complex products and processes, unlike commodity chains and value chains. For strategic reasons, it is important to know the market demand of a product. Information about demand guides production considering consumer tastes, level of demand, and so on. Different industries and firms have different operations, production systems, and different sectors involved for the final product to be out in the market. These differences determine the level of complexity in a product market, hence the type of analysis tool to understand it better (Haslam, Neale & Johal, 2000). This essay shows why value chain and commodity chain frameworks, cannot be used in a complex industry like the automobile industry, and provide valid rea sons for sector matrix preference instead. The automobile industry is characterised by complex distribution channels, complex products, and high commodity price (Haaslam, Neale & Johal, 2000). This framework is established on the idea that every firm is a collection of activities that are performed to produce, design, deliver, market, and support its products. Within this chain of activities, each firm has to have a successful generic strategy which it

Monday, February 3, 2020

Safety Training Program Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Safety Training Program - Assignment Example The goals will be to educate workers on handling procedures; hazards associated with chemicals, how to read safety, and were they are stored. The Hazard Communication Act or Hazcom was developed after The Right-To-Know Act of 1986. Its goals are to boost employee awareness, evaluate job safety, design safe work procedures, assign personal protective equipment where needed. Employees need to know about this activity so they will not be afraid to speak up and ask questions about their working conditions (Lang 2010). After internship experiences from questions that I asked from employees that worked out in energy plants, I began to realize a lack of training on knowledge of safety for working around chemicals, handling chemicals, and the storage of chemicals. Training is one of the best methods because it gives the employee the knowledge needed to understand the subject. It can also give examples of what can go wrong if they are not handled properly. This will give a great picture of what is expected of them. The employees of any work location that handles any kind of chemicals in their daily work setting. It can even be someone that works with them every day or someone that only handles them once a week. The employees that do not handle any chemicals should have training on the subject as well so they are a clear understanding of safety as well. The delivery I would like to give would be in a multitude of ways. Like classroom time with PowerPoint slides, visual pictures of what can go wrong, in the field training, and some testing to see if the employees were getting the material.

Sunday, January 26, 2020

Analysing The Philippine Political Party System Politics Essay

Analysing The Philippine Political Party System Politics Essay First, there is a need to know the difference between strongly institutionalized party systems from weak ones. For a party system to be considered as strongly institutionalized, it must have two characteristics: (1) the stability in the policies and patterns of inter-party rivalry, and (2) the view of political actors on parties as legitimate and crucial parts of the democratic process. On the other hand, a weakly institutionalized party system has the following characteristics: (1) there is a high degree of instability in the policies and patterns of inter-party rivalry; (2) the birth and death rates of parties are high- there are a lot of new political parties entering the system and a lot of existing parties leaving the system; (3) high degree of electoral instability-the fate of the individual parties depend on the results of the election, and last; (4) the political actors view of parties as just spare at best and as a danger at worst (Allen Hicken). Analysis of the Philippine Party System For a party system to be considered as strongly institutionalized, the inter-party rivalry must be stable and the political actors must view political parties as legitimate and important. However, in the Philippine setting, these two characteristics seem to be missing. Stability of Interparty Rivalry Electoral Volatility A good indicator of the stability of interparty rivalry of party systems is the gauge of electoral volatility. Electoral volatility determines the level to which there is variation in aggregate party vote shares from one election period to another. When there is a low volatility score, it affirms that the same political parties receive constant degrees of support from one election period to another, therefore, the pattern of inter-party rivalry is considered as stable. A high volatility score indicates that there is instability in the preferences of voters from one election period to another and/or there is elite-driven changes made to the party system, such as the termination of existing parties, the birth of new parties, party coalitions, party factions, etc (Mainwaring and Zoco 2007). In spite of all these, electoral volatility is not a perfect gauge of the stability of interparty rivalry because finding party vote shares is tremendously complicated where there are many party coal itions or factions, or where a candidates party affiliation is difficult to determine. The latter remains a problem in the Philippine party system because some candidates often claim to be affiliated with several parties. That fact alone tells that party labels in the Philippines are so fluid that it becomes hard to measure the volatility of electoral results (Ufen 2008). It is also significant to consider that electoral volatility does not allow one to distinguish among the sources of instability-whether they are indecisive voters or temporary parties (Hicken and Kuhonta). Another problem with the Philippines is that it lacks the updated information needed to measure electoral volatility. During the 2001, 2004 and 2007 elections, the information needed regarding party vote shares was not yet released and there was even a scandal involving accurate vote counting during the 2004 elections. However, even though updated information are missing, Allen Hicken was still able to measure el ectoral volatility of the Philippines using only the vote shares information available and supplemented those information with available data from party seat shares. The only available data was from the elections during 1992, 1995 and 1998 elections. Table 1 Electoral Volatility Period Number of Elections Volatility of 1st 2nd elections Volatility of Last election Average Volatility Philippines 1992-1998 3 46.4 28.2 37.3 (Source: Hicken and Kuhonta) Electoral volatility is measured by taking the sum of the net change in the percentage of votes achieved or lost by each party from one election to the next and then dividing it by two. A score of 100 indicates that the political parties winning votes are utterly different from the one election to the other. A score of 0 indicates that the same political parties achieved exactly the same percentage of votes from two different elections. The higher the volatility score, the less stable the pattern of inter-party rivalry and vice versa (Allen Hicken). Because the Philippines electoral volatility score are quite high, it is clear that the inter-party rivalry in the Philippine party system is still not stable, contributing to the party system being weakly institutionalized. Voters still do not have loyalty to parties and parties have not yet established a certain support base that would vote for them each and every election. The absence of loyalty and continued support by voters indicate that they still do not see certain political parties as groups that would promote their welfare so they seek and try to vote for other parties every election. The instability of inter-party rivalry in the Philippines makes the party system weaker and political parties less reliable in consolidating the democracy of the country. Birth and Death Rates of Parties The rate of the birth and death of parties in the party system of a country is another factor in determining whether a party is strongly or weakly institutionalized. If there is a high birth and death rate in the party system, it means that the inter-party rivalry is not stable and there are a lot of parties entering and leaving the system. In the post-Martial law period up to 2007, because of the conversion of the Philippine party system from a two party system into a multi-party system, the birth and death rates became high. Stabilization around parties was not present. A large number of political parties continue to enter and leave the system every election, and these rates contribute as well to the electoral volatility of the party system (Allen Hicken). Table 2 Party Birth and Death Rates During House Elections (Seats) Birth Rate Death Rate Number of Parties 1987 NA NA 8 1992 0.43 0.50 7 1995 0.13 0 8 1998 0.50 0.50 8 2001 0.33 0.25 9 2004 0.73 0.11 30 2007 0.33 0.40 27Birth Rate Death Rate # of Parties(Source: Allen Hicken) The shift of the nature of the party system from a two-party into a multi-party system seems to have given the chance for other parties to evolve and get involved in the system, however, it seems that this change only brought unsteadiness to the birth and death rate of parties in the Philippines. Because of the multi-party system, parties can enter and leave the party system freely, although looking at it in different point, it may seem good for the inter-party rivalry basing on the fact that not only a few number of parties can compete and gain seats in the government, it is still not considered good for the institutionalization of the party system for it makes the party competition unstable. The high rate of the death and birth of parties only makes the Philippine party system weaker. View of Political Actors on Parties The perception of political actors on political parties is one of the most important factors for a party system to be considered as strongly institutionalized. If the major political actors doubt the legitimacy and importance of political parties, then it means that there is a lack of institutionalization. The Filipino people or the public are part of the government and they are also considered as political actors. Their views on political parties are very important in determining whether democracy in the Philippines is working well. Conversely, there seems to be a detachment on the principle of real democracy and on the truth of Filipino democracy. For instance, a great number of Filipino people surveyed (around 55 percent) were reported to have been discontented with the way democracy works in the Philippines (Hicken 2009b). This discontentment is strongly interconnected with the doubt of the Filipino people on the genuineness of Philippine political parties. This survey was just a mong the ordinary Filipino citizens, that is why there is also a need to analyze the view of the major political actors themselves on the existing Philippine political parties. Major political actors like the military seems to have been dissatisfied with government a lot of times as well, since military interventions and rumored plans of coups have been present in the country for a couple of times, especially during the 1986 and the 2000 elections (Allen Hicken). Electoral volatility, birth and death rate of parties and the perception on political parties show how weakly connected are the parties to the different social interests/groups in the country. Filipino voters do not have specific parties in which they are loyal to, they do not vote candidates coming just from one political party, they often times vote candidates from different political parties and it is not even consistent with their votes in the previous elections. An instance would be during the 1992, 1998 and 2010 presidential elections, the presidents and the vice-presidents voted were from two different political parties. It is also very hard to identify one political party from another based on their party platforms and ideologies, this difficulty in distinguishing one party from another makes the strings connecting Philippine parties and societal interests and social groups very frail. The number of voters who can genuinely identify with any political party is very small. In one SWS 2006 survey, it has been reported that two-thirds of the people surveyed said that no party truly endorsed their welfare (SWS 2006, Allen Hicken). Nathan Gilbert Quimpo, a professor, summed up the state of Philippine political parties: Far from being stable, programmatic organizations, the countrys main political parties are nebulous entities that can be set up, merged with others, split, resurrected, regurgitated, reconstituted, renamed, repackaged, recycled or flushed down the toilet anytime (Quimpo 2005). What Quimpo wants to point out is that there is no certainty among political parties in the Philippines. They tend to be unsteady and impermanent, every election, parties tend to change, either through factions, coalitions or merges-even members of the parties tend to leave their respective parties once they feel that their own interests are not being pursued. In summary, through the different measures (electoral volatility, birth death rates, perception) used, one can conclude that Philippine political parties and the Philippine party system display a low level of institutionalization, or even, a very weak and fragile institutionalization. The pattern of inter-party rivalry stays fluid and political actors including voters even doubt if political parties are legitimate and necessary for the countrys democracy (Hicken). Analysis of the Thai Party System Political parties and the party system in Thailand, just like those in the Philippines, are also weakly institutionalized. The two characteristics needed for a party system to be considered strongly institutionalized seem to be missing as well in Thailands party system. Stability of Interparty Rivalry Electoral Volatility Having a weakly institutionalized party system, the electoral volatility of the Thai party system is one of the highest in Asia (Kuhonta 2009). However, it is still notable that the electoral volatility of the Thai party system is lesser than that of the Philippine party system (Average volatility of Philippine party system is 37.3, see Table 1 for more details). This means that the interparty rivalry in the Thai party system is more stable compared to that of the Philippines. However, the difference is not that big and, because of the lack of Philippine data, the period measured in the Philippines is only until 1998 while the period measured in Thailand is until 2005. Period Number of Elections Volatility of 1st 2nd elections Volatility of Last election Average Volatility Thailand 1992-2005 6 38.1 28.0 35.0 With the given electoral volatility, it is clear that just like the Filipino voters, Thai voters also lack the loyalty to parties. The numbers stated indicate that Thai voters do not have enough allegiance to a certain party that they tend to vote different parties every election. The commitment of the followers is unsteady and the parties havent established a well grounded support even with the support bases that they claim to have. Birth and Death Rates of Parties The history of Thailand will provide evidence that the parties in the Thai party system come and go like that in the Philippines. The birth and death rate of parties is also high, making the pattern of inter-party rivalry, all the more unstable. Parties in Thailand are especially susceptible to the influence and power of party factions. Party factions are also present in the Philippine party system, but not as much like in the Thai party system. The Thai party system has more factions, while the Philippine party system has a lot of varieties of identical parties being founded, identical meaning having the same ideologies and platforms. These party factions in Thailand, however, do not bring any excellence to the party system but it even makes the birth and death rates of parties become unsteady each and every election period. The factions made by parties themselves do not have sufficient interest to make the party system and the government work well, these factions merely see parties as just roads to their own drives and tours for self interests and political power. As an effect, parties in Thailand tend to just come and go every election (Kuhonta 2009). Although it is right to say that there are exceptions, like the Democrat Party which remains as the longest standing party in Thailand, we still cannot presuppose that the constancy of the lives of just a few parties make the inter-party rivalry more stable. The government of Thailand has done things to make up for the unstable inter-party rivalry of Thai politics parties. Constitutional amendments have been enacted, one of which is included in the 1997 Thai Constitution, it is considered as one of the strongest ways to minimize if not eliminate the practices of party switching. According to the 1997 Constitution, MPs who left their parties within 90 days of registration for a new election would not be able to run in that upcoming election. (Kuhonta 2009). The 1997 constitution seems to have strengthened the pa rty system minimizing the amount of party hopping and switching. However, the amendment only has a limited effect and what needs to be done is to let democracy and the party system take their course in strengthening the government (Kuhonta 2009). View of Political Actors on Parties Electoral volatility can already indicate how loyal Thai voters are to their supported parties, however, the calculated electoral volatility of Thai political parties would already state that parties do not have constant support bases and that those voters do not have constancy when it comes to their votes. Like political actors in the Philippines, it is also evident that political actors in Thailand do not have the best perception on their political parties. The mere fact that voters switch their support from one party to another, every election, means that the parties have not yet cultivated their own mass support bases. The absence of loyalty to particular parties leads to a conclusion that Thai voters are dissatisfied with their political parties. Moreover, the lack of ideology and programmatic platforms and goals also makes it harder for parties to maintain their own support bases. The divided constituency returns supply adequate proofs that parties in Thailand lack their social bases, since this implies that voters do not have loyalty to a certain party. From the year 1986 to the year 1996, it has been recorded that more than 50 percent of constituencies had divided votes. This is with the exception of the two dominant parties that time, which are the Democrat Party and the Thai Rak Thai. Parties do not have connections with social groups like labor unions, womens groups, ethnic communities or other groups who make up most of the voting population. This shallow nature of party roots in society mirrors only the superficial aspect of party organizations (Kuhonta 2009). This is one of the problems of Thai political parties-they do not represent social interests which lead social groups to not extend votes and support to any particular party. Political actors themselves do not think of parties as representatives of their interests and as supporters of their welfare, that is why their perception of parties is not good most of the time. Like in the Philippines, one major political actor that could be considered as an excellent aspect contributing to the view of political actors on parties is the military. The weak connection of the political parties to social groups made them vulnerable to military counteraction. Military often times involved themselves in politics and when they oppose the governance or the reign of one political party, they would counterattack the government through coups. The military is very influential and often times, when they are dissatisfied with the system, they resort to using their power to overthrow a regime. However, Thailand has gone through more coups than the Philippines. Thailand has experienced 18 coups since the concept of party politics began in the year 1932 (Kuhonta 2009).

Friday, January 17, 2020

AmericaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Present Judicial Structure

AmericaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s judicial system is one of the most well known all over the world. In many countries, people of the state are not given as much opportunity to seek legal redress, or defend oneÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s self. In the United States, accusers and defendants alike are given the same rights in court regardless of their social standing. I can say that Americans are living with such a great privilege to be able to live with a judicial system and constitution that uphold the inherent rights of every citizen.However, I believe that anything that is created good has the tendency or potential to digress from its original purpose, and as time goes by, may deteriorate or become corrupted. The Founding Fathers have set a constitution that would be the basis for judicial proceedings in the land. They are honest, trustworthy and honorable men. They envisioned a state that upholds the truth and executes justice. But as the generations continue to pass by, there is no guarantee that every judge in the Federal and State courts will have the same integrity as the ones who framed the laws in the past.Thus, the first weakness that I can see in AmericaÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s judicial structure is that, if corruption penetrates it, the very laws that uphold the dignity of every human being will be left to the interpretation and disposal of the men who are corrupt. Various literature and entertainment media has portrayed this exact problem of the judicial system. For example, the 1996 movie entitled Ã¢â‚¬Å"City HallÃ¢â‚¬ , (starring Al Pacino and John Cusack) portrays the high possibility of corruption in the judiciary.In the movie, a judge in the highest court of New York participates in the manipulation of the law, and instead of convicting a guilty man, let him go and hid the documents considered as evidence. As the story unfolds, it became clear that the city mayor was the one who influenced the judge to do the act because it is in the best interest of some wealthy businessmen who helped the may or with his political career. Although this is a fictional story, I can say that there is always fire under the smoke. In real American life, politics has a major impact on the judiciary.If the above statement is true, then there really is a possibility that the executive branch can influence the decisions of the judiciary by applying political pressure. So much has been said about the separation and independence of the branches of government from each other, but in some cases (especially high profile cases and those that stir political interests), the judiciary is highly vulnerable to the influence of the political world. I believe the current judicial structure has not exceeded its constitutional powers, but it is more powerful than what the framers of the constitution originally intended.For example, the Federal court is known as the guardian of the constitution. It is within its power to interpret the law written in the past, and apply it to present day circumstances. Thus, the people who interpret the law are more powerful than the law itself. Although members of the judiciary system are working within the limits and bounds set by the constitution, the constitution itself gives them the power to interpret and execute the law. This means that with the enormous power in their hands, it is easy to neglect true justice by using legal technicalities.Interpretation of the law is a rather difficult task because the constitution is vague and ambiguous in many ways. Some law scholars believe that the Constitution purposely remains vague in order to be timeless and applicable to all circumstances. Some believe that the constitution should be followed literally and word for word, and if there are vague areas in it, should be changed or amended to be more precise. This ambiguity in the constitution makes way for the neglect of true justice because each trial lawyer interprets the law in a manner that suits his clientÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s advantage.Because of the vagueness of the constitution, the courtroom often becomes more of a battleground of who is the better lawyer, than a battleground between right and wrong. For example, a person accused of trampling animal rights by offering sheep and goats as sacrifices, may also be acquitted on the grounds of the freedom of religion. The final verdict, however, will depend on who is the better lawyer, more skilled at applying legal technicalities, and more skilled at interpreting the law in a way that suits the taste of the jury.This basic problem of the American justice system was portrayed in another film entitled, Ã¢â‚¬Å"The DevilÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s AdvocateÃ¢â‚¬ , where a young lawyer has never lost a single case in his entire life, even though his clients are obviously guilty. There is no other way to solve this judicial problem than to amend the constitution itself. In my opinion, there is no need to change the laws that are written by the constitution framers of old. However, modern applications to the said laws sh ould constantly be added to suit the changing needs of society and modern life.Lessening the ambiguity of the constitution will make way for fairer decisions in the court and ensure that guilty men are punished and the innocent are rewarded with freedom. Needless to say, judges must maintain a high standard of integrity to avoid corruption within the judicial system. Corruption can bring down even the strongest of judicial systems. It did once, for the Roman government. In essence, it is still the American people and not the judiciary who has the power to issue a final verdict. Our jury system was created to ensure that courtroom decisions are impartial, and that the citizens of the nation still have the final say.Jurors are chosen from different walks of life and given the responsibility and duty of executing justice. This is a reflection of true democracy and I believe it is one of the major strengths of the American judicial system. Bibliography: City Hall. Dir. Harold Becker. Pe rf. Al Pacino, John Cusack, Bridget Fonda, Danny Aiello, and David Paymer. 1996. DVD. Touchstone, 2001 MegaEssays. com. Ã¢â‚¬Å"Federal and State Court Structures and JurisdictionÃ¢â‚¬ . 1 October 2007. The DevilÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s Advocate. Dir. Taylor Hackford. Perf. Keanu Reeves, Al Pacino and Charlize Theron. Warner Brothers Pictures, 1997.